List of African American newspapers in Texas

Texas African American newspapers from 1868 to the present
Front page of The Free Man's Press from August 1, 1868.
Front page of The Dallas Express from January 11, 1919, celebrating the award of military honors to soldiers of the 92nd Infantry Division.

This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in Texas. It includes both current and historical newspapers. The history of such newspapers in Texas begins shortly after the Civil War, with the publication of The Free Man's Press in 1868.[1]

Many African American newspapers are published in Texas today, including three in Houston alone.[2] These current newspapers are highlighted in green in the list below.

Newspapers

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks
Austin Capital City Argus[3] /
Capital City Argus and Interracial Review[4]		 1962[4] 1980s[3] Weekly[4]
  • LCCN sn86088242, sn87090674, sn87091252
  • OCLC 17188802, 13895357, 16543454
  • Published by Arthur Sims.[4]
Austin[6] / Galveston[5] The Free Man's Press[5] /
The Freedman's Press[6]		 1868[5] 1868[5] Weekly[5]
  • LCCN sn83025750, sn83025751, 2011254377
  • OCLC 753805840, 211233, 2611264, 2810120, 9788265, 9791586
  • Free online archive
  • Edited by Melving C. Keith.[7]
  • Published from July to October 1868. Final issue published in Galveston.[8]
Austin The Gold Dollar 1876[10] ? [9] Unknown[9]
  • LCCN sn86088312, 2004221227
  • OCLC 56664003, 14049728
  • Published by Jacob Fontaine.[9]
Austin The Herald[12] /
The Sunday School Herald[11]		 1891[12] 1892[11] Weekly[12]
  • LCCN sn91072504, sn87090941
  • OCLC 16820843, 24359041
  • Published by the Education Board of the General Baptist Convention of Texas.[12]
  • Editors included L.L. Campbell and M.M. Haynes.[12]
  • Attested through at least 1917.[12]
Austin The Illustrated News 1923[13] ? [13] Weekly[13]
  • LCCN sn87090921
  • OCLC 16814934
  • Edited by W.I. Solomon.[13]
Austin Austin Informer 1905[14] 1900s[14] [14]
  • LCCN sn86088249
  • OCLC 13895004
Austin Austin Mirror[16] /
The Austin Mirror[15]		 1958[16] 1900s[15] Weekly[16]
  • LCCN sn87090496
  • OCLC 16110553
  • Published by Walter McBride. Edited by Dora H. Moore.[16]
Austin Nokoa : The Observer 1987[18] 2019[17] Weekly[18]
  • LCCN sn92066431
  • OCLC 17420611
  • Founded and operated by Akwasi Evans.[17]
Austin Austin Searchlight 1896?[19] ? [19] Weekly[19]
  • OCLC 16530193
  • Published and edited by William P. Mabson.[19]
Austin Austin Sun 1992[20] [20] Weekly[20]
  • OCLC 31889841
  • Published by Dorris Ellis.[20]
Austin[21] / Waco[22] Texas Interracial Review[21] /
The Texas Interracial Review[22]		 1941[21] or 1940[22] 1962[21] Monthly[21] or twice monthly[22]
  • LCCN sn86088095
  • OCLC 13944173
  • Published by Mason Smith.[21]
  • Merged with Capital City Argus to form the Capital City Argus and Interracial Review.[22]
Austin The Tribune[24] /
Tribune[23]		 1970[23] ? [23] Weekly[23]
  • LCCN sn87090933
  • OCLC 16816350
  • Attested through at least 1979.[23]
Austin The Villager 1973[25] current Weekly[25]
  • LCCN sn89080102, sn86088329
  • OCLC 13988074, 24227435
  • Official site
  • Edited and published by Tommy L. Wyatt.[25]
Austin The Weekly Bulletin ?[26] 1900s[26] Weekly[27]
  • LCCN sn92066423
  • OCLC 26508765
  • Attested from at least 1906.[26]
  • Published by Bulletin Pub. Co.[26]
Beaumont Beaumont Informer 1934[28] ? [28] Weekly[28]
Beaumont The Industrial Era 1904?[29] ? [29] Weekly[29]
Bryan Silhouette 1900s[30] ?[30] Bimonthly newspaper[30]
  • LCCN sn88084228
  • OCLC 18473755
Corpus Christi Corpus Christi Weekly 1960?[27] ? [27] Weekly[27]
  • OCLC 1420174
  • Edited by Reynell Parkins.[27]
Corsicana Oil City Afro-American 1898[31] 1901[31] Weekly[31]
  • LCCN sn83026367, 2014254013
  • OCLC 851189664, 2755111, 9843592
Dallas The African Herald 1992[32] ? Monthly newspaper[32]
  • ISSN 1069-8205
  • LCCN sn93007490
  • OCLC 26849024
Dallas Dallas Community Leader 1987[33] ? [33] Biweekly[33]
  • Published by Valerie Ballard.[33]
  • Attested through at least 1990.[33]
Dallas Elite News 1968?[34] [34] Biweekly[34]
  • OCLC 17845541
  • Published by William Blair Jr.[34]
Dallas The Dallas Express 1893[35] 1970[35] Weekly[35]
  • LCCN 2011254359, sn83025779
  • OCLC 747836163, 9839625
  • ISSN 2331-334X, 2331-3358
  • Free online archive
Dallas Dallas Gazette 1913?[36] ? [36] Weekly[36]
  • LCCN sn93068248
  • OCLC 28865607
  • Published by J.H. Owens and Company.[36]
  • Attested through at least 1938.[37]
Dallas In Sepia 1959?[38] ? [38] Weekly[38]
  • Published by Davis and Associates.[38]
Dallas Dallas Independent Press 1969[39] ? [39] Weekly[39]
  • LCCN sn87090677
  • OCLC 16566401
  • Published by R.R. Fagan. Edited by Don L. Fagan.[39]
Dallas The Item 1891[40] 1900[40] Weekly[40]
  • LCCN sn83025788
  • OCLC 27553572, 9839595
  • Published by J.G. Griffin and Ellis Willis.[40]
Dallas The Key News 1962[41] ? [41] Weekly[41]
  • OCLC 17845380
  • Published and edited by Al Smith.[41]
Dallas The Link 1985[42] ? [42] Weekly[42] or monthly[43]
  • LCCN sn87090861
  • OCLC 16767250
Dallas The Metroplex News 1977[44] ? [44] Weekly[44]
  • OCLC 17845462
  • Published by R.G. Stinson and Son.[44]
Dallas North Dallas Community News 1987?[45] ? [45] Weekly[45]
  • Published by Rick Grant.[45]
Dallas Dallas Post Tribune[46] /
The Dallas Post Tribune[47] /
The Dallas Star Post[48] /
The Post Tribune[49]		 1950[46] current Weekly[46]
  • LCCN sn83005940, sn8305940, sn84024125, sn84024131
  • OCLC 10247179, 10566173, 10566190, 17574276, 22619572
  • ISSN 0746-7303
  • Official site
Dallas The Pythias and Calanthean Review 1979?[50] ? [50] Quarterly newspaper[50]
Dallas St. Paul United Methodist 1971?[51] ? [51] Weekly[51]
  • Edited by Spurgeon M. Dunnan III.[51]
Dallas Texas Community Leader 1991?[52] [52] Weekly[52]
  • Published by Valerie Ballard.[52]
Dallas The Times Review 1968?[53] ? [53] Unknown[53]
Dallas The Dallas Weekly 1954[54] current Weekly[54]
  • LCCN sn85006271
  • OCLC 8294783, 1984783
  • ISSN 0885-1271
  • Official site
  • Published by James A. Washington.[54]
Denison The Gate City Bulletin 1913?[55] ? [55] Weekly[55]
  • Published by Owens Publishing Co.[55]
Fort Worth The Texas Times 1977[56] 1993[56] Daily[56]
  • OCLC 26912658
  • Published by Woodie Webber.[56]
Fort Worth Bronze Texan News 1900s[57] 1900s[57]
  • LCCN 2011254259, sn88083026
  • OCLC 17364214, 717514356
  • Attested from at least 1968–1969.[57]
Fort Worth Fort Worth Como Monitor 1941?[58] ? [58] Monthly newspaper[58]
  • Published by Raymond Hart.[58]
Fort Worth Dallas District Crusader 1900s[59] 1900s[59] Weekly[59]
  • LCCN 2011254296
  • OCLC 747822934
Fort Worth Ebony Mart 1970s[60] ?[60] Weekly[60]
  • LCCN sn95078909
  • OCLC 32210855
Fort Worth Fort Worth Mind 1900s[61] 1900s[61] Weekly[61]
  • LCCN 2011254372, sn87090896
  • OCLC 16785055, 664611227
  • Attested from at least 1943–1944.[61]
Fort Worth The Torchlight Appeal 1886[62] 1800s[62] Weekly[62]
  • LCCN sn83025816
  • OCLC 9839428
Fort Worth USA Monitor 1990[64] or 1992[63] ?[63] Monthly newspaper[64]
  • ISSN 2640-4893
  • LCCN 2017235067, 2013254355
  • OCLC 664611420, 27110188
  • Published by Earl L. Burrell.[64]
Galveston The Galveston Banner 1925?[65] 1937? [65] Weekly[65]
  • LCCN sn86090565
  • OCLC 14629230
Galveston City Times 1898?[66] 1927? [66] Weekly[66]
  • OCLC 14116247
  • Edited by William H. Noble, Jr.[66]
Galveston The Colored American[68] /
The Colored American: A Defender of the Race[67]		 1920[67] ? [67] Weekly[67]
  • LCCN sn86088469
  • OCLC 14117617
Galveston Galveston Examiner 1938[70] 1940[69] Weekly[70]
  • LCCN sn86088470, sn87090350
  • OCLC 14117806, 15923921
Galveston Freeman’s Journal[71] /
The Freeman’s Press[72]		 1887[71] 1891[71] Weekly[71]
  • LCCN sn83025776
  • OCLC 25694294, 9839575
Galveston Galveston Guide 1937[73] ? [73] Weekly[73]
  • LCCN sn86088468
  • OCLC 14117476
Galveston The Informer (Galveston Edition) 1918[74] 1937? [74] Biweekly[74]
  • LCCN sn86088473
  • OCLC 14118111
Galveston Galveston Informer 1939[75] ? [75] Unknown[75]
  • LCCN sn86088472
  • OCLC 14118037
Galveston The Galveston New Idea 1896[77] 1920[76] Weekly[76]
  • LCCN sn86088475
  • OCLC 14118188
Galveston Taborian Banner 1905[78] ? [78] Monthly[78]
  • OCLC 18104753
  • Published by W. Hartley Jackson.[78]
Galveston The Galveston Voice 1931[79] 1962? [79] Weekly[79]
  • LCCN sn86088471
  • OCLC 14117979
  • Published by C. W. Rice.[79]
Gonzales The Conservative Counselor 1909[80] 1900s[80] Weekly[81]
  • LCCN sn91072535
  • OCLC 24767980
  • "Official organ of the Mt. Zion Sunday School Convention."[80]
Houston African-American News and Issues 1996[2] current Weekly[82]
  • OCLC 64773108
  • Weekly circulation of 113,000.[82]
Houston The Houston Call 1970[83] ?[83] Weekly[83]
  • LCCN sn87090887
  • OCLC 16784184
Houston The Call 1919?[84] ? [84] Weekly[84]
  • Published by C.A. Franklin.[84]
Houston Houston Defender 1930[85] current Weekly[85]
  • LCCN sn86089622
  • OCLC 14393467
  • Official site
Houston The Texas Examiner 1942[86] 1900s[86] Weekly[86]
  • LCCN sn86089623
  • OCLC 14393439
  • Attested through at least 1946.[86]
Houston Forward Times[87] /
Houston Forward Times[88]		 1960[88] current Weekly[88]
  • LCCN sn84024126, sn86090555
  • OCLC 10552835, 17563536, 2406092, 3968075
  • Published by Julius Carter.[88]
  • Official site
Houston Freedmen's Journal 1983[89] ? Monthly newspaper[89]
  • LCCN sn89048268
  • OCLC 20750573
Houston The Independent 1898[90] 1905[90] Weekly[90]
  • LCCN sn83025786, 2012254024
  • OCLC 773196693, 9839546
  • Published by Crawford and Osborne.[90]
Houston Informer and Texas Freeman[91] /
The Houston Informer[92] /
The Informer[93]		 1919[91] ? Weekly[91]
  • LCCN sn84024122, sn84024124, sn84042123, sn91027149
  • OCLC 10549579, 24775709, 10566210
  • Published and edited by George McElroy.[91]
Houston Metropolitan 1961[94] 1900s[94]
  • LCCN sn86089635
  • OCLC 14393445
Houston The Negro Labor News 1930[95] ?[95] Weekly[95]
  • LCCN sn86089626
  • OCLC 14393398
  • Official organ of the Texas Negro Business and Laboring Men's Association.[95]
Houston Houston Newspages 1986[96] ? Weekly[96]
  • OCLC 25559036
  • Published by Francis Page Sr. Edited by Diana Fallis.[96]
Houston The Odd Fellow Budget 1920?[97] ? [97] Monthly newspaper[97]
Houston Old Ironsides' Monthly 1947[99] ? [98] Monthly newspaper[98]
  • LCCN sn86089369
  • OCLC 14289561
Houston Texas State University Herald 1947[100] ?[100] Monthly newspaper[100]
  • LCCN sn87090891
  • OCLC 16784691
Houston The Houston Sun 1982[102] current[101] Weekly[102]
  • LCCN sn93002908
  • OCLC 27155880
  • ISSN 1071-2941
  • Official site
Houston USAfrica Weekend 1997[103] ? Monthly newspaper[103]
  • OCLC 38191407
  • Published by Chido Nwangwu.[103]
  • Billed as “The social diary of the African, Caribbean, African American & American communities.”[103]
Houston The Voice Of Hope[105] /
Voice of Hope[104]		 1968?[104] 1975? [104] Weekly[104]
  • LCCN sn84025929
  • OCLC 10729243
Houston The Western Star 1881[107] or 1893[106] 1932[106] Weekly[107]
  • LCCN sn88083137, sn88084224, 2013254366, sn83025785
  • OCLC 9856536, 850605415, 18472922, 3953475
Longview The New Southern Times 1996[108] ? Biweekly[108]
  • OCLC 36217456
  • Published and edited by Mitch Mitchell.[108]
Lubbock Lubbock Digest 1977[109] 1982[109] Biweekly[109]
  • LCCN sn86089670
  • OCLC 14399405
Lubbock The Manhattan Heights And West Texas Times / The Manhattan Heights Times 1961[111] 1960s[110] Weekly[110]
  • LCCN sn86089778, sn86089648
  • OCLC 14399370, 14407646
  • Became The Manhattan Heights and West Texas Times in 1965.[111]
Lubbock[113] West Texas Times 1962?[112] ? [112] Weekly[112]
  • LCCN sn86089686
  • OCLC 14399323
Lubbock Southwest Digest 1982[114] current[114] Weekly[114]
  • LCCN sn86089671
  • OCLC 14399287
Prairie View Prairie View City News 1969?[115] ? [115] Biweekly[115]
  • Published and edited by F.G. Fry.[115]
Prairie View The Tribune Review 1996?[116] ? Biweekly[116]
  • OCLC 36217551
Prairie View Waller County Tribune 1989[117] ? [117] Biweekly[117]
  • Published and edited by Dewayne Charlston.[117]
Richardson African News Watch 1996[118] [118] Monthly[118]
  • Edited by Donald Ugwu.[118]
San Antonio Hephzibah-Herald 1920?[119] ? [119] Weekly[119]
San Antonio San Antonio Informer 1988[120] or 1944[121] ? Weekly[120]
  • LCCN sn87090871
  • OCLC 16773922
  • Published and edited by Tommy L. Moore.[120]
San Antonio San Antonio Inquirer[122] 1906[122] ? [122] Weekly[122]
  • OCLC 14708058
  • Published by G.W. Bouldin.[122]
San Antonio The People’s Eye Opener 1926?[123] ? [123] Weekly[123]
San Antonio Snap 1990?[124] ? [124] Unknown[124]
  • OCLC 32178679
  • Published by Eugene E. Coleman. Edited by Margie Randle Bailey.[124]
Taylor Shining Star 1959[125] ? [125] Weekly[125]
  • OCLC 18122110
  • Published by Cabins Publishing Company. Edited by Mrs Joe Callins.[125]
Temple The Apostolic Bulletin 1918[126] ?[126] [126]
  • LCCN 00064000
  • OCLC 43452018
Texarkana Texarcana Courier 1977?[127] ? [127] Weekly[127]
  • Published by Elridge Robertson. Edited by Ivy Jeanne Steele. [127]
Tyler The Tyler Leader 1900s[128] ?[128] Weekly[128]
  • LCCN sn95078920
  • OCLC 33020107
Waco Cen-Tex Reflections 1984[129] ?[129] Weekly[129]
  • LCCN sn87091139
  • OCLC 16946952
Waco Waco Good News 1880[130] ?[130] Weekly[130]
  • LCCN sn87090745
  • OCLC 16687041
Waco The Helping Hand ?[131] ?[131] Monthly newspaper[131]
  • LCCN sn87090828
  • OCLC 16734762
Waco The Waco Messenger 1932[132] ?[132] Weekly[132]
  • LCCN sn87090309
  • OCLC 15788967
Waco Paul Quinn Weekly 1900[133] 1916[133] Weekly[133]
  • LCCN sn83025787, 2014254016
  • OCLC 870187587, 2753958, 9839507
  • Published by Paul Quinn College.[133]
Washington Prince Hall Masonic Digest 1973?[134] ? [134] Quarterly[134]

See also

Works cited

  • Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals: a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.
  • Smallwood, James (1983). "Arkansas". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the South, 1865–1979. ISBN 9780313222443.
  • Smith, Jessie Carney (2012). Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9781578593699.

References

  1. ^ Smith 2012, p. 409.
  2. ^ a b James L. Conyers (2019-02-28). "Can we continue beyond Black History Month?". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  3. ^ a b "About The capital city argus. (Austin, Tex.) 1971-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  4. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 134, ¶ 1387.
  5. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 237, ¶ 2481.
  6. ^ a b "About The freedman's press. [volume] (Austin, Tex.) 1868-1868". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  7. ^ Smallwood 1983, p. 357.
  8. ^ Smallwood 1983, p. 358.
  9. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 250, ¶ 2626.
  10. ^ "About The gold dollar. [microfilm reel] (Austin, Tex.) 1876-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  11. ^ a b "About The Sunday school herald. (Austin, Tex.) 18??-1892". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2875.
  13. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 291, ¶ 3058.
  14. ^ a b c "About Austin informer. (Austin, Tex.) 1905-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  15. ^ a b "About The Austin mirror. (Austin, Tex.) 1958-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  16. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 56, ¶ 568.
  17. ^ a b Nancy Flores. "Newspaper publisher, Austin activist Akwasi Evans dies". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved 2020-02-03. Akwasi Roselle Evans, who founded the Nokoa The Observer newspaper and covered issues like police misconduct and community empowerment for more than 30 years, died in his Austin home at the age of 70.
  18. ^ a b "About Nokoa : the observer. (Austin, Tex.) 1987-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  19. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 56, ¶ 569.
  20. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 56, ¶ 570.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Danky & Hady 1998, p. 558, ¶ 5823.
  22. ^ a b c d e "About The Texas interracial review. (Waco, Tex.) 1940-1969". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  23. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 567, ¶ 5921.
  24. ^ "About The tribune. (Austin, Tex.) 1970-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  25. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 590, ¶ 6173.
  26. ^ a b c d "About The Weekly bulletin. (Austin, Tex.) 1???-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  27. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 177, ¶ 1840.
  28. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 65, ¶ 665.
  29. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 295, ¶ 3106.
  30. ^ a b c "About Silhouette. (Bryan, Tex.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  31. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 440, ¶ 4586.
  32. ^ a b "About The African herald. (Dallas, Tex.) 1992-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  33. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 184, ¶ 1917.
  34. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 209, ¶ 2185.
  35. ^ a b c "About The Dallas express. [online resource] (Dallas, Tex.) 1893-1970". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  36. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 185, ¶ 1920.
  37. ^ "About The Dallas gazette. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  38. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 293, ¶ 3081.
  39. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 185, ¶ 1921.
  40. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 307, ¶ 3233.
  41. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 327, ¶ 3416.
  42. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 343, ¶ 3593.
  43. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 361, ¶ 3776.
  44. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 429, ¶ 4465.
  45. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 185, ¶ 1922.
  46. ^ "About The Dallas post tribune. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1975-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  47. ^ "About The Dallas star post. [volume] (Dallas [Tex.]) 1950-196?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  48. ^ "About The post tribune. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 196?-1975". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  49. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 479, ¶ 4992.
  50. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 539, ¶ 5620.
  51. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 557, ¶ 5820.
  52. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 561, ¶ 5863.
  53. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 185, ¶ 1925.
  54. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 246, ¶ 2586.
  55. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 558, ¶ 5828.
  56. ^ a b c "About Bronze Texan news. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  57. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 234, ¶ 2448.
  58. ^ a b c "About Dallas district crusader. [online resource] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  59. ^ a b c "About Ebony mart. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 197?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  60. ^ a b c d "About Fort Worth Mind. [online resource] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  61. ^ a b c "About The Torchlight appeal. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1886-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  62. ^ a b "About USA monitor. [volume] (Fort Worth, Texas) 1992-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  63. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 587, ¶ 6136.
  64. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 245, ¶ 2573.
  65. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 155, ¶ 1610.
  66. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 161, ¶ 1676.
  67. ^ "About The Colored American. [volume] (Galveston Tex.) 1920-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  68. ^ "About Galveston examiner. [volume] (Galveston, Tex.) 1938-1940". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  69. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 245, ¶ 2574.
  70. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 241, ¶ 2523.
  71. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 241, ¶ 2525.
  72. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 245, ¶ 2575.
  73. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 297, ¶ 3132.
  74. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 245, ¶ 2576.
  75. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 245, ¶ 2577.
  76. ^ "About The Galveston new idea. [volume] (Galveston, Tex.) 1896-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  77. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 551, ¶ 5753.
  78. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 246, ¶ 2579.
  79. ^ a b c "About The conservative counselor. (Gonzales, Tex.) 1909-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  80. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 173, ¶ 1797.
  81. ^ a b AFRAMNEWS (2020). "AFRAM-20-Media-Kit.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  82. ^ a b c "About The Houston call. (Houston, Tex.) 1970-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  83. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 129, ¶ 1345.
  84. ^ a b "About Houston defender. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1930-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  85. ^ a b c d "About The Texas examiner. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1942-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  86. ^ "About Forward times. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1960-1977". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  87. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 281, ¶ 2952.
  88. ^ a b "About Freedmen's journal. ([Houston, Tex.]) 1983-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  89. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 294, ¶ 3096.
  90. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 297, ¶ 3131.
  91. ^ "About The Houston informer. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 194?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  92. ^ "About The informer. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1934-1941". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  93. ^ a b "About Metropolitan. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1961-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  94. ^ a b c d "About The Negro labor news. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1930-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  95. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 281, ¶ 2953.
  96. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 438, ¶ 4565.
  97. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 441, ¶ 4596.
  98. ^ "About Old ironsides' monthly. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1947-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  99. ^ a b c "About Texas State University herald. (Houston, Tex.) 1947-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  100. ^ "About The Houston sun. (Houston, Tex.) 198?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  101. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 281, ¶ 2954.
  102. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 587, ¶ 6138.
  103. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 596, ¶ 6234.
  104. ^ "About The Voice of hope. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 196?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  105. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 612, ¶ 6399.
  106. ^ a b "About The Western star. (Houston, Tex.) 1881-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  107. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 413, ¶ 4296.
  108. ^ a b c "About Lubbock digest. [volume] (Lubbock, Tex.) 1977-1982". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  109. ^ a b "About The Manhattan Heights and West Texas times. [volume] (Lubbock, Tex.) 1965-196?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  110. ^ a b "About The Manhattan Heights times. [volume] (Lubbock, Tex.) 1961-1965". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  111. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 609, ¶ 6369.
  112. ^ "About West Texas times. [volume] (Lubbock, Tex.) 196?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  113. ^ a b c "About Southwest digest. [volume] (Lubbock, Tex.) 1982-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  114. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 470, ¶ 4892.
  115. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 567, ¶ 5928.
  116. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 601, ¶ 6281.
  117. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 16, ¶ 161.
  118. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 273, ¶ 2869.
  119. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 500, ¶ 5217.
  120. ^ "About San Antonio informer. (San Antonio, Tex.) 1944-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  121. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 500, ¶ 5219.
  122. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4784.
  123. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 519, ¶ 5423.
  124. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 514, ¶ 5372.
  125. ^ a b c "About The apostolic bulletin. (Temple, Bell County, Tex.) 1918-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  126. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 557, ¶ 5816.
  127. ^ a b c "About The Tyler leader. (Tyler, Tex.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  128. ^ a b c "About Cen-Tex reflections. (Waco, Tex.) 1984-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  129. ^ a b c "About Waco good news. (Waco, Tex.) 1880-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  130. ^ a b c "About The helping hand. (Waco, Tex.) 1???-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  131. ^ a b c "About The Waco messenger. (Waco, Tex.) 1932-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  132. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 455, ¶ 4749.
  133. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 472, ¶ 4924.

External links

  • "African American Newspapers Collection". The Portal to Texas History.


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