List of Georgian battles
This is a list of the battles in the history of the nation of Georgia.
The list gives the name, the date, the combatants, and the result of the battles following this legend:
- Georgian victory
- Georgian defeat
- Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result,
status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive) - Ongoing conflict
Antiquity
Date | Battle | Modern Location | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
65 BC | Battle of the Pelorus[1] | Aragvi River, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia | Caucasian campaign of Pompey | Kingdom of Iberia | Roman Republic | Defeat |
51 AD | Siege of Garni | Kotayk Province, Armenia | Iberian–Armenian War | Kingdom of Iberia | Kingdom of Armenia Roman Empire | Victory
|
Early Medieval fragmentation
Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1490)
Royal triarchy and principalities (1490–1801)
Date | Battle | Modern Location | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1501 | Battle of Sharur | Sharur, Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan | Safavid–Aq Qoyunlu Wars | Safavid army
| Aq Qoyunlu | Victory |
1512 | Battle of Mokhisi [ka] | Kareli Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia | Civil war | Bagrat III of Imereti | Vakhtang Supported by: | Victory of Bagrat |
1518 | Battle of Tmogvi[54] | Aspindza Municipality, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia | Civil war | Manuchar I Jaqeli | Qvarqvare III Jaqeli Safavid Empire | Qvarqvare's victory
|
1520 | Battle of Mokhisi | Kareli Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia | War of the Kakhetian Succession | Principality of Guria | Kingdom of Kartli | Gurian victory
|
1522 | Battle of Teleti [ka][55] | Gardabani Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia | Georgian–Safavid wars | Kingdom of Kartli | Safavid Empire | Defeat |
1535 | Battle of Murjakheti | Akhalkalaki Municipality, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia | Imereti–Samtskhe war | Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Guria | Principality of Samtskhe | Victory
|
1543 | Battle of Karagak | Turkey | Georgian–Ottoman wars | Kingdom of Imereti | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1545 | Battle of Sokhoista | Pasinler District, Erzurum Province, Turkey | Georgian–Ottoman wars | Kingdom of Imereti Kingdom of Kartli Principality of Guria | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
1556 | Battle of Garisi | Tetritsqaro, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia | Georgian–Safavid wars | Kingdom of Kartli | Safavid Empire | Pyrrhic Victory |
1561 | Battle of Tsikhedidi [ka][56] | Mtskheta Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia | Georgian–Safavid wars | Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti | Safavid Empire | Defeat |
1567 | Battle of Digomi | Tbilisi, Georgia | Georgian–Safavid wars | Kingdom of Kartli | Safavid Empire | Victory |
1568 | Battle of Samadlo [ka][57] | Tbilisi, Georgia | Georgian–Safavid wars | Kingdom of Kartli | Safavid Empire | Victory |
1568 | Battle of Ianeti[58] | Samtredia Municipality, Imereti, Georgia | Civil war | Principality of Mingrelia Varaz Chiladze Liparteliani | Kingdom of Imereti | Imeretian victory |
1569 | Battle of Partskhisi[56] | Tetritsqaro Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia | Georgian–Safavid wars | Kingdom of Kartli | Safavid Empire | Inconclusive
|
1573 | Battle of Zugdidi[59] | Zugdidi Municipality, Mingrelia, Georgia | Guria–Mingrelia war | Principality of Guria | Principality of Mingrelia | Gurian victory
|
1578 | Battle of Torghva [ka][60] | Akhmeta Municipality, Kakheti, Georgia | War of the Kakhetian succession | Alexander II of Kakheti Kingdom of Kartli | Kaikhosro | Victory of Alexander |
1578 | Battle of Çıldır | Çıldır, Ardahan Province, Turkey | Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) | Safavid Empire | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
1579 | Siege of Tbilisi [tr] | Tbilisi, Georgia | Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) | Safavid Empire | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
1582 | Battle of Mukhrani [ka][62] | Mtskheta Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia | Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) Georgian-Ottoman wars | Kingdom of Kartli | Ottoman Empire Principality of Samtskhe Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria Principality of Mingrelia | Victory
|
1584 | Battle of Khatisopeli [ka][63] | Bolnisi Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia | Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) Georgian-Ottoman wars | Kingdom of Kartli Principality of Samtskhe | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
1587 | Occupation of Akhaltsikhe[63][64] | Akhaltsikhe, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia | Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) Georgian-Ottoman wars | Principality of Samtskhe Kingdom of Kartli | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
1587 | Occupation of Tbilisi[63][64] | Tbilisi, Georgia | Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) Georgian-Ottoman wars | Kingdom of Kartli | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
1588 | Battle of Gopanto [ka][65] | Terjola Municipality, Imereti, Georgia | War of Imeretian succession | Kingdom of Kartli | Kingdom of Imereti | Kartlian victory
|
1590 | Battle of Opshkviti [ka][66] | Tsqaltubo Municipality, Imereti, Georgia | War of Imeretian succession | Kingdom of Kartli | Principality of Mingrelia Rostom of Imereti | Mingrelian victory
|
1598–1599 | Battle of Gori[67] | Gori, Shida Kartli, Georgia | Georgian–Ottoman wars | Kingdom of Kartli | Ottoman Empire | Victory
|
1599 | Battle of Nakhiduri | Tetritsqaro Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia | Georgian–Ottoman wars | Kingdom of Kartli | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
1604 | Battle of Zagem[68] | Zagem, Kakheti, Georgia | Ottoman–Kumyk invasion of Kakheti | Kingdom of Kakheti
| Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1609 | Battle of Tashiskari | Khashuri Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia | Georgian–Ottoman wars | Kingdom of Kartli | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1615 | Battle of Tsitsamuri | Mtskheta Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia | Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns | Kingdom of Kakheti | Safavid Empire | Victory |
1623 | Battle of Gochouri [ka][69] | Kutaisi Municipality, Imereti, Georgia | War of the Kingdom of Imereti (1623-1658) [fr] | Principality of Mingrelia | Kingdom of Imereti | Mingrelian victory |
1625 | Battle of Aghaiani | Kaspi Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia | Kartli-Kakhetian Uprising (1625) | Kingdom of Kartli | Safavid Empire | Defeat |
1625 | Battle of Martqopi | Gardabani Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia | Kartli-Kakhetian Uprising (1625) | Kingdom of Kartli | Safavid Empire | Victory |
1625 | Battle of Marabda | Tetritsqaro Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia | Kartli-Kakhetian Uprising (1625) | Kingdom of Kartli | Safavid Empire | Defeat |
1625 | Battle of Ksani [ka] | Ksani Valley, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia | Kartli-Kakhetian Uprising (1625) | Kingdom of Kartli | Safavid Empire | Victory |
1626 | Battle of Bazaleti | Bazaleti Lake, Dusheti Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia | Civil War | Kingdom of Kakheti | Giorgi Saakadze | Victory |
1634 | Battle of Kaka Bridge[70] | Baghdati Municipality, Imereti, Georgia | War of the Kingdom of Imereti (1623-1658) [fr] | Principality of Mingrelia | Kingdom of Imereti | Mingrelian victory |
1658 | Battle of Bandza [ka][71] | Martvili Municipality, Mingrelia, Georgia | War of the Kingdom of Imereti (1623-1658) [fr] | Kingdom of Imereti | Liparit III Dadiani | Imeretian victory
|
1659 | Battle of Bakhtrioni | Akhmeta Municipality, Kakheti, Georgia | Georgian–Safavid wars | Kingdom of Kakheti | Safavid Empire | Inconclusive |
1684 | Battle of Rokiti [ka][72] | Baghdati Municipality, Imereti, Georgia | Civil war | Kingdom of Imereti Paata Abashidze | Principality of Guria | Imeretian victory |
1690 | Battle of Gogodani[54] | Terjola Municipality, Imereti, Georgia | Civil war | Archil of Imereti | Alexander IV of Imereti | Archil's victory |
1716 | Battle of Simoneti [ka] | Terjola Municipality, Imereti, Georgia | Civil war | Kingdom of Imereti | Principality of Mingrelia | Victory of Mingrelia and Abashidze
|
1723 | Battle of Zedavela[73] | Gori Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia | Georgian–Safavid wars | Kingdom of Kartli | Safavid Empire Kingdom of Kakheti | Defeat |
1732 | Battle of Chikhori[74] | Terjola Municipality, Imereti, Georgia | Civil war | Kingdom of Imereti | Principality of Mingrelia | Imeretian victory |
1734 | Battle of Magharo[75] | Sighnaghi Municipality, Kakheti, Georgia | Georgian–Ottoman wars | Kingdom of Kakheti | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1739 | Battle of Ananuri [ka] | Ananuri, Dusheti Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia | Civil war | Duchy of Ksani | Duchy of Aragvi | Victory of Ksani |
1739 | Battle of Karnal[76][77] | Karnal, Haryana, India | Nader Shah's invasion of India | Afsharid Empire Kingdom of Kakheti | Mughal Empire Hyderabad Oudh | Victory |
1744 | Battle of Achabeti [ka][78] | Temporary Kurta Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia (de facto South Ossetia) | Kartli uprising | Givi Amilakhvari | Kingdom of Kakheti | Victory of Heraclius and Teimuraz |
1750 | Battle of Karabakh [ka] | Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan | Military campaigns of Heraclius II and Teimuraz II | Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti Ganja Khanate | Karabakh Khanate | Victory[79]
|
1751 | Battle of Agri-Chai [ka][80] | Azerbaijan | Georgian–Lezgin wars | Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti | Jar-Balakan Elisu Sultanate Shaki Khanate | Defeat |
1751 | Battle of Kirkhbulakh | Near Yerevan, Armenia | Azad Khan's invasion of Erivan Khanate | Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti Erivan Khanate | Azad Khan Afghan | Victory
|
1752 | Battle of Ganja [ka] | Ganja, Azerbaijan | Georgian–Lezgin wars | Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti | Shaki Khanate | Defeat |
1752 | Battle of Tulkitepe [ka][81][80] | On the border of Qazax and Shamshadin Districts, Azerbaijan and Armenia | Georgian–Lezgin wars | Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti | Shaki Khanate | Victory
|
1754 | Battle of Mchadijvari [ka][80] | Dusheti Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia | Georgian–Lezgin wars | Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti | Avar Khanate Shaki Khanate | Victory |
1755 | Battle of Kvareli | Kvareli, Kakheti, Georgia, | Georgian–Lezgin wars | Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti | Avar Khanate | Victory |
1757 | Battle of Khresili[82] | Tkibuli Municipality, Imereti, Georgia, | Georgian–Ottoman wars | Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Guria Principality of Abkhazia (Samurzakano) | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1770 | Battle of Aspindza | Aspindza, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia, | Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) | Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1770-1771 | Siege of Poti [ka] | Poti, Mingrelia, Georgia | Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) | Russian Empire | Ottoman Empire | Inconclusive
|
1774 | Battle of Chkheri | Kharagauli Municipality, Imereti, Georgia, | Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) | Kingdom of Imereti Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1778/79 | Battle of Ghartiskari | Mtskheta Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia, | Georgian–Lezgin wars | Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti | Lezgin marauders | Victory |
1779 | Battle of Rukh | Zugdidi Municipality, Mingrelia, Georgia, | Georgian–Ottoman wars | Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria Principality of Mingrelia | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1784 | Battle of Nachishkrevi [ka] | Tsikhisdziri, Adjara, Georgia | Georgian–Ottoman wars | Kingdom of Imereti | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
1785 | Battle of Mokhisi [ka] | Kareli Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia | Georgian–Ottoman wars Georgian–Lezgin wars | Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti | Childir Eyalet Lezgin marauders | Victory |
1789 | Battle of Matkhoji [ka][83] | Khoni Municipality, Imereti, Georgia, | War of Imeretian succession | David II of Imereti | Solomon II of Imereti | Solomon II ascends to the Imeretian throne |
1790 | Battle of Zovreti [ka] | Near Zovreti, Zestafoni Municipality, Imereti, Georgia, | War of Imeretian succession | David II of Imereti | Solomon II of Imereti | David II ascends to the Imeretian throne |
1790 | Battle of Lomsiantkhevi | Imereti, Georgia, | War of Imeretian succession | David II of Imereti | Solomon II of Imereti | Solomon II returns to the Imeretian throne |
1795 | Battle of Krtsanisi | Tbilisi, Georgia, | Qajar invasion of Kartli-Kakheti | Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Kingdom of Imereti | Qajar Iran | Defeat |
1800 | Battle of Niakhura | On the shores of Iori River, Kakheti, Georgia, | Georgian–Lezgin wars | Russian Empire | Avar Khanate | Victory |
Russian Empire
Date | Battle | Modern Location | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1804 | Battle of Lomisi[84] | Dusheti Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia, | 1804 Mtiuleti rebellion | Khevsur rebels | Russian Empire | Inconclusive
|
1807 | Charge of Akhalkalaki [ru] | Akhalkalaki, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia | Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) | Russian Empire | Ottoman Empire | Defeat |
1809 | Battle of Maltakva | Maltakva River, Mingrelia, Georgia | Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) | Russian Empire Principality of Guria Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Abkhazia | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1810 | Siege of Sukhum [ru] | Sukhumi, Abkhazia, Georgia | Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) | Russian Empire | Ottoman Empire | Russian victory
|
1812 | Battle of Chumlaki [ka][85] | Gurjaani Municipality, Kakheti, Georgia | Kakheti uprising | Prince Grigol of Georgia | Russian Empire | Defeat |
1812 | Battle of Shilda[86] | Qvareli Municipality, Kakheti, Georgia | Kakheti uprising | Prince Alexander of Georgia Lezgin mercenaries | Russian Empire | Defeat
|
1828-1829 | Battle of Akhaltsikhe | Akhaltsikhe, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia | Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) | Russian Empire | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1829 | Battle of Limani | Near Shekvetili, Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia | Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) | Russian Empire | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1841 | Battle of Gogoreti [ka] | Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia | Rebellion in Guria (1841) | Russian Empire | Gurian rebels | Victory |
1841 | Battle of Ozurgeti | Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia | Rebellion in Guria (1841) | Russian Empire | Gurian rebels | Defeat[87] |
1853 | Battle of Shekvetili | Shekvetili, Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia | Crimean War | Russian Empire | Ottoman Empire | Defeat |
1853 | Battle of Akhaltsikhe | Akhaltsikhe, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia | Crimean War | Russian Empire | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1854 | Battle of Nigoiti | Lanchkhuti Municipality, Guria, Georgia | Crimean War | Russian Empire | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1854 | Battle of Choloki | Kakuti, Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia | Crimean War | Russian Empire | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1855 | Battle of Enguri [ka] | On the shores of Enguri River, border between Mingrelia and Abkhazia, Georgia | Crimean War | Russian Empire | Ottoman Empire | Defeat |
1877-1878 | Batumi operation [ru] | Adjara, Georgia | Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) | Russian Empire | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
1905 | Battle of Nasakirali | Nasakirali, Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia | Russian Revolution of 1905 | Gurian Republic | Russian Empire | Victory |
1905 | Expedition of General Alikhanov-Avarsky | Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia | Russian Revolution of 1905 | Gurian Republic | Russian Empire | Defeat[88]
|
1918 | Battle of Anaria [ka] | Adjara, Georgia | Caucasus campaign | Transcaucasian Commissariat | Ottoman Empire | Defeat |
1918 | Battle of Choloki | Choloki River, Adjara, Georgia | Caucasus campaign | Transcaucasian Commissariat | Ottoman Empire | Victory |
Georgian Democratic Republic (1918–1921)
Republic of Georgia (1991–)
See also
- List of wars involving Georgia (country)
- v
- t
- e
Georgia articles
| |
Subdivisions | |
---|---|
Russian-occupied territories |
|
|
Demographics | |
---|---|
Symbols |
|
- Outline
- Index
- Category
- Portal
References
- ^ Appian, p. 103.
- ^ Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 46.
- ^ Petersen 2013, p. 271.
- ^ David Braund (1994). Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC-AD 562. Clarendon Press. pp. 299–300. ISBN 9780198144731.
- ^ a b Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 47.
- ^ "Battle of Tsakhar 556". Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia (PDF) (in Georgian). Vol. 11. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 1987. p. 265.
- ^ Kaegi 2003, p. 143.
- ^ Khalid Yahya Blankinship (1994). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. State University of New York Press. p. 172. ISBN 9780791496831.
- ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition, p. 28. Indiana University Press, ISBN 0253209153
- ^ a b Mikaberidze 2015, p. 424.
- ^ Thomson 1996, p. 259.
- ^ Fähnrich 2010, p. 159.
- ^ a b Thomson 1996, p. 260.
- ^ Thomson 1996, pp. 260–261.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, pp. 66.
- ^ a b Thomson 1996, p. 261.
- ^ Tavadze, Leri (2012). კურაპალატის ტიტული ტაო-კლარჯერთის ბაგრატიონთა სამეფო სახლში (ქართველთა სამეფოს პოლიტიკური ვითარება IX-X საუკუნეში) [Title of Kouropalates in the house of Bagrationis of Tao-Klarjeti (political circumstances of Kingdom of Georgians in the IX-X centuries] (in Georgian). Tbilisi. p. 81.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 66-67.
- ^ Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 66.
- ^ "Gurgen I". National Parliamentary Library of Georgia (in Georgian). Retrieved 2024-02-07.
- ^ Papaskiri, Zurab (2011). "The Byzantine Commonwealth and the International Status of the Georgian Political Units in the First Half of the 10th Century". The Caucasus & Globalization. 5 (3–4): 131.
- ^ Thomson 1996, p. 272.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Mikaberidze 2015, p. 162.
- ^ Frye 1975, p. 237.
- ^ Frye 1975, pp. 237, 732.
- ^ Frye 1975, p. 241.
- ^ a b Narimanishvili & Shanshashvili 2018, p. 309.
- ^ Minorsky 1953, p. 43.
- ^ Allen 2023, p. 89.
- ^ Narimanishvili & Shanshashvili 2018, p. 310.
- ^ Fähnrich 2010, p. 192.
- ^ Fähnrich 2010, p. 193.
- ^ Thomson 1996, p. 310.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, pp. 83–84.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 100.
- ^ Baumer 2021, p. 18.
- ^ Peacock 2006, p. 130.
- ^ Fähnrich 2010, p. 206.
- ^ Minorsky 1953, p. 93.
- ^ Minorsky 1953, p. 96.
- ^ Bogveradze, A. (1984). "Niali Battle 1191". Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia (PDF) (in Georgian). Vol. 7. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. p. 406.
- ^ Mariam Lortkipanidze (2006). Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries. Ganatleba Publishers. p. 151.
- ^ Pancaroğlu, Oya (2021). "Looking for Urban Agency in a City of Memorials: Tomb Towers of Late Thirteenth-Century Ahlat" (PDF). Medieval Worlds. 14: 121. doi:10.1553/medievalworlds_no14_2021s117.
- ^ Allen 2023, p. 116.
- ^ "Battle of Kvishkheti 1260". Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia (PDF) (in Georgian). Vol. 10. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 1986. p. 523.
- ^ Constantin d'Ohsson (1852). Histoire des Mongols: depuis Tchinguiz-Khan jusqu'à Timour Bey, ou Tamerlan (in French). Vol. IV. Les fères Van Cleef. p. 330.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 140.
- ^ Brosset, Marie-Félicité (1849). Histoire de la Géorgie, depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle - 1re partie. St. Petersurg: Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 149.
- ^ Javakhishvili 1949, p. 193.
- ^ Valeri Silogava; Kakha Shengelia (2007). History of Georgia: From the Ancient Times Through the "Rose Revolution". Caucasus University Publishing House. p. 272. ISBN 9789994086160.
- ^ Fähnrich 2010, p. 265.
- ^ a b Rayfield 2012, p. 219.
- ^ Nodar Asatiani; Otar Janelidze (2009). History of Georgia: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Publishing House Petite. p. 127. ISBN 9789941906367.
- ^ a b Rayfield 2012, p. 172.
- ^ Mikaberidze 2015, p. 259.
- ^ Fähnrich 2010, p. 324.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 175.
- ^ Narsia, G. (1979). "Battle of Torghva 1578". Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia (PDF) (in Georgian). Vol. 4. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. p. 695.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 177.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 178.
- ^ a b c d Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 136.
- ^ a b c Rayfield 2012, p. 179.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 180.
- ^ Mikaberidze 2015, p. 548.
- ^ Kalistrat Salia (1983). History of the Georgian Nation. Paris. p. 261.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Allen, William Edward David (1970). Russian embassies to the Georgian kings (1589–1605), Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. pp. 447–452. ISBN 052101029-2.
- ^ Fähnrich 2010, p. 328.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 199.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 213.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 218.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 226.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 235.
- ^ Mikaberidze 2015, p. 617.
- ^ David Marshall Lang. Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889: a documentary record Columbia University Press, 1957 (digitalised March 2009, originally from the University of Michigan) p. 142.
- ^ Valeri Silogava, Kakha Shengelia. "History of Georgia: From the Ancient Times Through the "Rose Revolution" Caucasus University Publishing House, 2007 ISBN 978-9994086160 pp. 158, 278.
- ^ Mikaberidze 2015, p. 120.
- ^ a b c Fähnrich 2010, p. 316.
- ^ a b c Kakhaber Demetrashvili (2022). The Political Relationship of the Georgian Kings with the Rulers of the Shaki Khanate in the Middle of the 18th Century. Ilia State University. p. 2.
- ^ a b Fähnrich 2010, p. 318.
- ^ Rayfield 2013, p. 240.
- ^ Mikaberidze 2015, p. 586.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 263.
- ^ Khatuna Kokrashvili (2020). Anti-Russian Demonstrations in Georgia in the First Half of the XIX Century (PDF). Rondeli Foundation. p. 6.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 273.
- ^ Guria Uprising of 1841 // The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History, Volume 13. — Academic International Press, 1976. — P. 201. — ISBN 0-87569-064-5
- ^ Шанин, Революция как момент истины, 1997, с. 181
- ^ Chachkhiani, Archil (2014). Russia-Georgia Military-Political Relations and the Military Actions in Abkhazia and Black Sea Region (1918-1920) (PDF) (in Georgian). Tbilisi: The Academy of the Georgian National Defense Academy of David the Builder. p. 144-149.
- ^ Political History of Russia. Vol. 5. Nova Science Publishers. 1995. p. 89.
- ^ Kenez, Peter (1970). "The Relations between the Volunteer Army and Georgia, 1918-1920: A Case Study in Disunity". The Slavonic and East European Review. 48 (112). Modern Humanities Research Association: 407. JSTOR 4206242.
- ^ "Taman Army March of 1918". The Free Dictionary.
- ^ "Exactly 95 years ago, Georgian army left Sochi". Voice of America (in Georgian). 7 February 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ "Georgia troops seize Gagra, Ardagan". Civil Georgia. 1 May 1919. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ USA House of Representatives Select Committee on Communist Aggression (1955). Communist Takeover and Occupation of Georgia (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 7.
- ^ "Battle of Tamishi - Facing unexpected landing". Radio Freedom (in Georgian). 10 July 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
Bibliography
- Appian. The Mithridatic Wars.
- Javakhishvili, Ivane (1949). ქართველი ერის ისტორია, ტომი III [History of the Georgian nation, volume III] (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Metsniereba.
- Javakhishvili, Ivane. ქართველი ერის ისტორია, წიგნი IV [History of the Georgian nation, book IV] (PDF) (in Georgian). pp. 30–32.
- Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003). Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81459-6.
- Petersen, Leif Inge Ree (2013). Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004254466.
- Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1780230702.
- Minorsky, Vladimir (1953). Studies in Caucasian History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521057356.
- Brosset, Marie-Félicité (1849). Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle. Volume I [History of Georgia from Ancient Times to the 19th Century, Volume 1] (in French). Saint-Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.
- Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires, a History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-070-2.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9781442241466.
- Asatiani, Nodar; Janelidze, Otar (2009). History of Georgia: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Publishing House Petite. ISBN 9789941906367.
- Fähnrich, Heinz (2010). Geschichte Georgiens (in German). Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9004184503.
- Allen, William (2023). A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000855302.
- Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia
- Thomson, Robert W. (1996). Rewriting Caucasian History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-826373-2.
- Narimanishvili, Goderdzi; Shanshashvili, Nino (2018). Trialeti: Cultural and Historical Heritage, Ancient Sources and Prospects of Research. Georgian National Museum. ISBN 9789941279652.
- Frye, R. N. (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
- Baumer, Christoph (2021). History of the Caucasus. Volume one, At the crossroads of empires. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78831-007-9. OCLC 1259549144.
- Peacock, Andrew (2006). "Georgia and the Anatolian Turks in the 12th and 13th centuries". Anatolian Studies. 56: 127–146. doi:10.1017/S0066154600000806. ISSN 0066-1546. JSTOR 20065551. S2CID 155798755.