List of submachine guns

his is a list of submachine guns.

It includes Submachine guns (SMG), Machine pistols (MP), Personal defense weapon systems (PDW), and "compact submachine gun-like weapons" not easily categorized. Weapons may fit in more than one category.

Name Manufacturer Image Cartridge Country Produced Type
Agram 2000 Agram 9×19mm Parabellum  Croatia 1990-Present SMG
AL-43 Valtion Kivääritehdas 9×35mm Lahti
7.62×35mm Lahti
 Finland 1943 SMG
AMAC Delta-786 American Military Arms Corporation 9x19mm  United States 1980s SMG
American-180 Illinois Arms Company .22 Long Rifle
.22 Short Magnum
 United States 1960s SMG
ARCO Abider Armament Research Company .45 ACP  United States 1953 SMG
A.R.C. Weapons System 9x19mm / .45 ACP  United States 1984 SMG
ASMI Lokesh Machines Limited

9×19mm Parabellum  India 2021 SMG
AR-57 AR57 LLC FN 5.7×28mm  United States 2008 PDW
Armaguerra OG-43 Società Anonima Revelli Manifattura Armiguerra 9×19mm Parabellum  Italian Social Republic 1943 SMG
Arsenal submachine gun Arsenal 9×20 mm SR Browning  Estonia 1926 SMG
ASALT 96 Uzina Mecanică Sadu 9×19mm Parabellum  Romania 1996 SMG
Austen submachine gun Diecasters
W. T. Carmichael
9×19mm Parabellum  Australia 1942 SMG
Bechowiec-1 Bataliony Chłopskie 9×19mm Parabellum  Poland 1943 SMG
Beretta 93R Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta Beretta 93R 9×19mm Parabellum  Italy 1979-1993 MP
Beretta PMX Beretta Defense Technologies 9×19mm Parabellum  Italy c. 2018-present SMG
Beretta Mx4 Storm Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta 9×19mm Parabellum,

.45 ACP

 Italy 2003-Present SMG
Beretta Model 38 Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta 9×19mm Parabellum  Italy 1938 SMG
Beretta M12 Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta 9×19mm Parabellum  Italy 1959 SMG
Beretta M1918 Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta 9mm Glisenti
.22 Long Rifle
 Italy 1918 SMG
Błyskawica Wacław Zawrotny 9×19mm Parabellum  Poland 1943 SMG
Borz Krasniy Molot, Grozny 9×18mm Makarov  Chechnya 1992 SMG
Brügger & Thomet APC B&T 9×19mm Parabellum   Switzerland 2011-Present SMG
Brügger & Thomet MP9 B&T 9×19mm Parabellum   Switzerland 2001-Present SMG
BSA experimental model 1949 Birmingham Small Arms 9×19mm Parabellum  United Kingdom 1949 SMG
BSA Welgun Birmingham Small Arms 9×19mm Parabellum  United Kingdom 1942-1943 (trials only) SMG
Calico M960 Calico Light Weapons Systems 9×19mm Parabellum  United States c. 1990-present SMG
Carlo (submachine gun) Small metal working shops Variable  Palestine 2000 SMG
Cobray M11/9 Military Armament Corporation .380 ACP (9×17mm),

9×19mm Parabellum

 United States 1978-1986 SMG

MP (Machine Pistol)

Colt 9mm SMG Colt's Manufacturing Company 9×19mm Parabellum  United States 1982-Present SMG
Colt SCAMP Henry A. Into .221 Remington Fireball  United States 1971 MP,
PDW
Carl Gustav m/45 Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori 9×19mm Parabellum  Sweden 1945-1964 (Sweden)
1965-1970 (Egypt)
SMG
CF-05 Chongqing Changfeng 9×19mm Parabellum  China 2005 SMG
CS/LS7 Norinco 9×19mm Parabellum  China 2021 SMG
Celmi Modelo 1946 Fabrica de Armas Celmi hnos .45 ACP  Uruguay 1946 SMG
CETME CB-61 submachine gun CETME 9×23mm Largo  Spain 1961 SMG
CETME C2 submachine gun CETME 9×23mm Largo
9x19mm Parabellum
 Spain 1964 SMG
Chropi GP10 submachine gun Chropi 9×19mm Parabellum
.45 ACP
 Greece 1975 SMG
Choroszmanów submachine gun Grzegorz Choroszman 7.62×25mm Tokarev  Poland 1943 SMG
CZ 75 Automatic Česká zbrojovka Uherský Brod 9×19mm Parabellum  Czech Republic c.1992-? MP
CZ Scorpion Evo 3 Česká zbrojovka Uherský Brod 9×19mm Parabellum  Czech Republic c.2009-present SMG
Danuvia 43M submachine gun Danuvia Engineering Industries 9×25mm Mauser  Hungary 1943 SMG
Daewoo Precision Industries K7 S&T Motiv 9×19mm Parabellum  South Korea 2001-Present SMG
Daewoo XK9 S&T Motiv 9×19mm Parabellum  South Korea 2003-2004 (preproduction prototypes only) SMG
DUX submachine gun Oviedo Military Arsenal 9×19mm Parabellum  Spain c. 1953 SMG
EDDA submachine gun Only one prototype made .22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire  Argentina 1970s SMG
Erma EMP Erma Werke 9×19mm Parabellum
9×23mm Largo
7.63×25mm Mauser
 Germany 1931 SMG
EMP 44 Erma Werke 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany 1944 SMG
Experimental Model 2 submachine gun 8×22mm Nambu  Japan 1935 SMG
F1 submachine gun Lithgow Small Arms Factory 9×19mm Parabellum  Australia 1962-1973 SMG
FAMAE SAF FAMAE 9×19mm Parabellum  Chile 1993-Present SMG
FBP submachine gun Fábrica de Braço de Prata 9×19mm Parabellum  Portugal 1948 SMG
Federal Engineering XC Federal Engineering Corporation .22 Long Rifle
9×19mm Parabellum
.45 ACP
 United States 1984 SMG
Floro MK-9 Floro International Corporation 9×19mm Parabellum  Philippines 2001 SMG
FMK-3 submachine gun Military Industries States Corporation 9×19mm Parabellum  Argentina 1974 SMG
FNAB-43 Fabbrica Nazionale d'Armi di Brescia 9×19mm Parabellum  Italian Social Republic 1943 SMG
FN P90 FN Herstal FN 5.7×28mm  Belgium
  • 1990-1993 (SS90 cartridge)
  • 1993-Present (SS190 cartridge)[1]
PDW
Frommer Stop Machine Pistol Fegyver- és Gépgyár .380 ACP  Austria-Hungary 1916 MP
Franchi LF-57 Luigi Franchi 9×19mm Parabellum  Italy c.1956/1957 SMG
Glock 18 Glock Ges.m.b.H. 9×19mm Parabellum  Austria 1986 MP
Hafdasa C-4 Hispano Argentina de Automotives SA 9×19mm Parabellum
.45 ACP
 Argentina 1939 SMG
Halcón M-1943 Fábrica de Armas Halcón 9×19mm Parabellum
.45 ACP
 Argentina 1943 SMG
Halcón ML-57 Buenos Aires Halcon 9×19mm Parabellum
.45 ACP
 Argentina 1957 SMG
Halcón ML-63 Buenos Aires Halcon 9×19mm Parabellum  Argentina 1963 SMG
Heckler & Koch UMP[2] Heckler & Koch 9×19mm Parabellum(UMP9),

.45 ACP(UMP45),
.40 S&W(UMP40)

 Germany 2000-present SMG
Heckler & Koch MP5 Heckler & Koch 9×19mm Parabellum,

10mm Auto,
.40 S&W

 West Germany 1966-present SMG
Heckler & Koch MP5SD Heckler & Koch 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany 1974-present SMG
Heckler & Koch MP5K Heckler & Koch 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany 1976-present SMG
Heckler & Koch MP7 Heckler & Koch 4.6×30mm  Germany 1999-present SMG,

PDW

Heckler & Koch VP70 Heckler & Koch 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany 1970-1989 MP
INA Model 953 Industria National de Armas S.A. .45 ACP  Brazil 1950 SMG
Ingram Model 6 9×19mm Parabellum
.38 Super
.45 ACP
 United States 1949 SMG
Interdynamic MP-9 9×19mm Parabellum  Sweden 1983 SMG
Jatimatic / GG-95 PDW Tampereen Asepaja Oy 9×19mm Parabellum  Finland 1983-1986, 1995 SMG
Kayaian submachine gun 9×19mm Parabellum  United States 1957 SMG
KP m/44 submachine gun Tikkakoski 9×19mm Parabellum  Finland 1944 SMG
KGP-9 Fegyver- és Gépgyár 9×19mm Parabellum  Hungary 1988[citation needed] SMG
KIS (weapon) Jan Piwnik's Ponury guerrilla unit 9×19mm Parabellum  Poland 1943 SMG
KOP-PAL [pl] M. Adamowicz and S. Engler 9×19mm Parabellum  Poland 1941 SMG
KRISS Vector KRISS USA Inc. 9×19mm Parabellum,

.45 ACP,
.40 S&W,
9×21mm,
10mm Auto,
.357 SIG,
.22 LR

 United States 2009-Present SMG
Labora Fontbernat M-1938 9×23mm Largo  Spain 1938 SMG
Lanchester submachine gun Sterling Armaments Company 9×19mm Parabellum  United Kingdom 1940 SMG
LAD machine gun NIPSMVO 7.62×25mm Tokarev  Soviet Union 1942 Other
Lehnar submachine gun Made by Juan Lehnar (only one prototype made) 9×19mm Parabellum  Argentina 1930 SMG
Lercker pistol Italy .25 ACP  Italy 1950 MP
Lettet–Forsøgs submachine gun Dansk Industri Syndikat 9×19mm Parabellum  Denmark 1941 SMG
Lmg-Pist 41/44 Waffenfabrik Bern 7.65×21mm Parabellum   Switzerland 1941 MP
Lusa submachine gun INDEP 9×19mm Parabellum  Portugal 1983 SMG
M2 Hyde Marlin Firearms .45 ACP  United States 1942 SMG
M3 Grease Gun General Motors .45 ACP
9×19mm Parabellum
.30 Carbine
 United States 1942-1945, with additional production in early 1950s SMG
M49 submachine gun Zastava Arms 7.62×25mm Tokarev  Yugoslavia 1949 SMG
M50 Reising Harrington & Richardson .45 ACP  United States 1941 SMG
M56 submachine gun Zastava Arms 7.62×25mm Tokarev  Yugoslavia 1956 SMG
M76 Smith & Wesson 9×19mm Parabellum
9mm caseless
 United States 1967-1974 SMG
MAC-10 Military Armament Corporation .45 ACP  United States 1970-1973 SMG,
MP
MAC-11 Military Armament Corporation .380 ACP  United States 1972-present SMG,
MP
Minebea PM-9 Minebea Co. 9×19mm Parabellum  Japan 1990 SMG
Madsen M-50 Dansk Industri Syndikat 9×19mm Parabellum  Denmark 1950/1953-? SMG
Magpul FMG-9 Magpul Industries 9×19mm Parabellum  United States 2008-? SMG,
Other
MAS-38 Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne 7.65mm Longue  France 1938-1973 SMG
Maschinenpistole M.12 Patrone 16 Œ.W.G.  Austria 1915 MP
Maschinenpistole Senn Heinrich Senn of Bern 9×19mm Parabellum
7.65×21mm Parabellum
  Switzerland 1916 MP
MAT-49 Manufacture Nationale d'Armes de Tulle 9×19mm Parabellum
7.62×25mm Tokarev[3]
 France 1949 SMG
Mauser Schnellfeuer Mauser  Germany 1932 MP
Mekanika Uru Mekanika Industria e Commercio 9×19mm Parabellum
.38 ACP
 Brazil 1977 SMG
Mendoza HM-3 Productos Mendoza 9mm calibre
.380 ACP
 Mexico 2012 SMG
Métral submachine gun Made by Gérard Métral (only one prototype made) 9×19mm Parabellum   Switzerland 1995 SMG
MGD PM-9 9×19mm Parabellum  France 1950 (pre-production prototypes only) SMG
MGP submachine gun SIMA Electronica 9×19mm Parabellum  Peru 1979 SMG
MGP-15 submachine gun SIMA Electronica 9×19mm Parabellum  Peru 1990 SMG
MGV-176 Gorenje
Orbis
.22 Long Rifle  Yugoslavia
 Slovenia
1979 SMG
Milkor BXP Milkor (Pty) Ltd 9×19mm Parabellum  South Africa 1980s SMG
Modern Sub Machine Carbine OFT Trichy 5.56×30mm MINSAS  India c. 2005/2006-present[citation needed] SMG
Mors submachine gun Państwowa Fabryka Karabinów 9×19mm Parabellum  Poland 1939 SMG
MOT-919[4][5][6][7] Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation 9×19mm Parabellum  Turkey 2021 SMG
Ruger MP9 Sturm, Ruger & Co. 9×19mm Parabellum  United States 1995-1996 SMG,
MP
MP 18 Bergmann Waffenfabrik 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany
  • 1918-1920's
  • 1928-Early 1940s (MP 28/II)
SMG
MP 34 Waffenfabrik Steyr 9×19mm Parabellum
9×23mm Steyr
9×25mm Mauser
.45 ACP
 Austria 1929 SMG
MP35 Bergmann 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany 1935 SMG
MP 38 Erma Werke 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany 1938 SMG
Maschinenpistole 40 Steyr-Mannlicher
Erma Werke
Haenel
9×19mm Parabellum  Germany 1940-1945[8] SMG
MP 41 Haenel Company 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany 1941 SMG
MP 3008 Small machine shops 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany 1945 SMG
New Nambu M66 Shin-Chuō Industries 9×19mm Parabellum  Japan 1966 SMG
Onorati SMG Umberto Onorati 9×19mm Parabellum  Italy 1936 Prototype only SMG
Orita M1941 Uzinele Metalurgice Copșa Mică și Cugir 9×19mm Parabellum  Romania 1941 SMG
OTs-33 Pernach KBP Instrument Design Bureau 9×18mm Makarov  Russia c.1995/1996-? MP
OTs-02 Kiparis KBP Instrument Design Bureau 9×18mm Makarov  Soviet Union 1991-present (design dated 1972) SMG
OTs-23 Drotik KBP Instrument Design Bureau 5.45×18mm  Russia 1993 SMG
OVP 1918 Officine di Villar Perosa 9mm Glisenti  Italy 1918 SMG
Owen Gun Lysaght's Works 9×19mm Parabellum  Australia 1942-1944 SMG
Parinco mod. 3R Parinco 9×19mm Parabellum  Spain 1959 SMG
PAWS ZX-7[9] Police Automatic Weapons Systems .45 ACP  United States SMG
Pindad PM2 Pindad 9×19mm Parabellum  Indonesia 2006 SMG
Pindad PM3 Pindad 9×19mm Parabellum
9×21mm Pindad
 Indonesia 2016 SMG
Pistol Md. 1998 Uzina Mecanică Sadu 9×19mm Parabellum  Romania 1998 MP
Pistol Mitralieră model 1996 RATMIL RomArm via Uzinele Mecanice Cugir 9×19mm Parabellum  Romania 1996 SMG
PM-63 RAK FB "Łucznik" Radom 9×18mm Makarov  Poland 1967-1977 SMG
PM-84 FB "Łucznik" Radom 9×19mm Parabellum  Poland 1984-? SMG
PM-98 FB "Łucznik" Radom 9×19mm Parabellum  Poland 1998-? SMG
PM-06 FB "Łucznik" Radom 9×19mm Parabellum  Poland 2006-present SMG
PP-19 Bizon Izhmash 9×18mm Makarov
9×19mm Parabellum
.380 ACP
7.62×25mm Tokarev
 Russia 1996-present SMG
PP-90 KBP Instrument Design Bureau 9×18mm Makarov  Soviet Union c.1990-? SMG,
Other
PP-90M1 KBP Instrument Design Bureau 9×19mm Parabellum  Soviet Union 1990s SMG
PP-91 KEDR Izhmash 9×18mm Makarov  Soviet Union 1994-present (was designed in 1970s) SMG
PP-93 KBP Instrument Design Bureau 9×18mm Makarov  Russia 1993-? SMG
PP-2000 KBP Instrument Design Bureau 9×19mm Parabellum  Russia 2006-present[10] SMG
PPD-40 7.62×25mm Tokarev  Soviet Union 1940 SMG
PPS submachine gun 7.62×25mm Tokarev  Soviet Union 1942 SMG
PPSh-41 7.62×25mm Tokarev  Soviet Union 1941 SMG
QCW-05 China South Industries Group 5.8×21mm DCV05  China 2005-present PDW
Rexim-Favor Rexim Small Arms Company 9×19mm Parabellum   Switzerland 1953 SMG
SACO Model 683 SACO Defense 9×19mm Parabellum  United States 1980 SMG
Shipka Arsenal AD 9×18mm Makarov
9×19mm Parabellum
 Bulgaria 1996 SMG
Sa vz. 23 9×19mm Parabellum
7.62×25mm Tokarev
 Czechoslovakia 1948-1968 SMG
Saab Bofors Dynamics CBJ-MS Saab Bofors Dynamics 9×19mm Parabellum
6.5×25 CBJ-MS
 Sweden 2000s SMG
Sanna 77 9×19mm Parabellum  South Africa
 Rhodesia
1977-1980 SMG
SAR 109T Sarsilmaz 9×19mm Parabellum  Turkey 2014 SMG
SAR 87 Sterling Armaments Company 9×19mm Parabellum  United Kingdom Singapore 1987 SMG
Schwarzlose submachine gun[11] Andreas Wilhelm Schwarzlose 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany 1918 Other
Škorpion Česká Zbrojovka Uherský Brod .32 ACP  Czechoslovakia 1961-1979 (variants continued by other manufacturers) SMG,
MP
SIG MKMO Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft 9×19mm Parabellum   Switzerland 1930-1941 SMG
SIG MPX SIG Sauer 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany
 United States
2015-present SMG
Spasov M1944 Trigun Hristo Spasov 9×19mm Parabellum  Bulgaria 1944 SMG
Spectre M4 Società Italiana Tecnologie Speciali S.p.A. .45 ACP
9×19mm Parabellum
.40 S&W
 Italy 1984-2001 SMG
Socimi Type 821 Societa Costruzioni Industriali Milano
Luigi Franchi S.p.A.
9×19mm Parabellum  Italy 1984-1989 SMG
Sola submachine gun Societe Luxembourgeoise SA 9×19mm Parabellum  Luxembourg 1952 SMG
SR-2 Veresk TsNIITochMash 9×21mm Gyurza  Russia c.1999/2004-? SMG
Standschütze Hellriegel M1915 A few prototypes made by members of the Austro-Hungarian military 9×23mm Steyr  Austrian Empire
 Kingdom of Hungary
1915 Other
Stechkin automatic pistol Tula Arms Plant 9×18mm Makarov  Soviet Union
  • 1951–1958 (APS)
  • 1972–1973 (APB)
MP
Sten Royal Small Arms Factory
BSA and others
9×19mm Parabellum  United Kingdom 1941-present (depending on version) SMG
Sterling submachine gun Sterling Armaments Company
Royal Ordnance Factories
9×19mm Parabellum  United Kingdom 1953-1988 SMG
Steyr AUG PARA Steyr Mannlicher

Thales Australia, Lithgow Facility
SME Ordnance

9×19mm Parabellum  Austria 1988 SMG
Steyr MPi 69 Steyr Mannlicher 9×19mm Parabellum  Austria 1969-1990 SMG
Suomi KP/-31 Tikkakoski (company) 9×19mm Parabellum  Finland 1931-1953 SMG
Thompson submachine gun Auto-Ordnance Company .45 ACP  United States 1921-1945 SMG
Tokarev Model 1927 7.62×38mmR Nagant  Soviet Union 1927 SMG
Trejo pistol Industrias Trejo de Zacatlán S.A. de C.V. .22 LR
.32 ACP
.380 ACP
 Mexico 1940s MP
TSM-9-A1 Truvelo Armoury 9×19mm Parabellum  South Africa 2020 SMG
TSB17-9 Israel Weapon Industries 9×19mm Parabellum  Israel SMG
Tuma MTE 224 VA MARTIN TUMA ENGINEERING, Gmbh .224 Voboril   Switzerland MP
PDW
Type 64 submachine gun China North Industries Corporation 7.62×25mm Type 51  China 1964-? SMG
Type 77 submachine gun Hsing Hua Arsenal 9×19mm Parabellum  Republic of China 1985-? SMG
Type 79 submachine gun China North Industries Corporation 7.62×25mm Tokarev  China 1981-1995 SMG
Type 80 (pistol) Norinco 7.62×25mm Tokarev  China 1980 SMG
Type 85 submachine gun 7.62×25mm Tokarev  China 1980s SMG
Type 89-C Howa 9×19mm Parabellum  Japan 1989-1990 SMG
Type 100 submachine gun 8×22mm Nambu  Japan 1939 SMG
TZ-45 Fabbrica Fratelli Giandoso 9×19mm Parabellum  Italian Social Republic 1945 SMG
United Defense M42 United Defense Supply Corp 9×19mm Parabellum
.45 ACP
 United States 1942 SMG
Uzi Israel Military Industries,

Israel Weapon Industries,
FN Herstal, Norinco,
Lyttleton Engineering Works,
(under Vektor Arms),
RH-ALAN,
Group Industries

9×19mm Parabellum  Israel 1950-present SMG
Vigneron submachine gun 9×19mm Parabellum  Belgium 1952 SMG
Villar Perosa aircraft submachine gun Officine di Villar Perosa 9mm Glisenti  Italy 1915 Other
Vityaz-SN Kalashnikov Concern 9×19mm Parabellum  Russia 2008 SMG
Walther MP Walther arms 9×19mm Parabellum
.380 ACP
 West Germany 1963-1985 SMG
WG66 7.62×25mm Tokarev  East Germany 1966 SMG
Z-45 Star Bonifacio Echeverria, S.A. 9x19mm Parabellum
9×23mm Largo
.38 Super
.45 ACP
 Spain 1945 SMG
Z84 Star Bonifacio Echeverria, S.A. 9x19mm Parabellum  Spain 1984-present SMG
Zagi M-91 9×19mm Parabellum  Yugoslavia
 Croatia
1991 SMG
ZB-47 Zbrojovka Brno 9×19mm Parabellum  Czechoslovakia 1947 SMG
ZK-383 9×19mm Parabellum  Czechoslovakia 1930 SMG

See also

References

  1. ^ Watters, Daniel E. "The 5.56 × 45mm Timeline: 1986–1989". The Gun Zone. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  2. ^ "Heckler & Koch :: Technical Data | UMP". www.heckler-koch.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-14. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
  3. ^ Conversions by Vietnamese People's Army
  4. ^ "MOT-919 Milli Otomatik Tabanca". Turkish Defence Agency (in Turkish). 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  5. ^ "MKE'den yeni milli silah projesi | SavunmaSanayiST" (in Turkish). 2019-10-25. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  6. ^ Kırıkkale 24 (2019-10-28). "MKEK'den Milli Otomatik Tabanca | Kırıkkale 24 Haber ve Haberleri" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-04-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ "MPT-76 ve MPT-55'de seri üretim devam ediyor - Son Dakika haberleri". www.dha.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  8. ^ Neil, Grant (2015). Mauser Military Rifles. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1472805942.
  9. ^ Special Weapons And Tactics "For The Prepared American" October 1985. Full Auto: New Lightweight .45 Subgun. The ZX-7: A Serious P.A.W.S. By Eric Strahl p.34
  10. ^ Пистолет-пулемет ПП-2000 (серийный) // журнал «Солдат удачи», № 12 (147), 2006 г., стр.24-25
  11. ^ "Experimental German 08/18 Maxim SMG – Forgotten Weapons". 2018-07-10. Archived from the original on 2018-07-10. Retrieved 2024-02-04.