Malling series
The Malling series is a group of rootstocks for grafting apple trees. It was developed at the East Malling Research Station of the South-Eastern Agricultural College at Wye in Kent, England. From about 1912, Ronald Hatton and his colleagues rationalised, standardised and catalogued the various rootstocks in use in Europe at the time under names such as Doucin and Paradise.[1][2] Their first list had nine rootstock varieties, assigned the "type" numbers I–IX.[3] The list later grew to twenty-four, and the Roman numerals gave way to Arabic numerals with the prefix "Malling" or "M.".[2][3] From about 1917, collaboration between East Malling and the John Innes Institute, in Merton Park in Surrey, gave rise to the Malling-Merton series, which were resistant to Eriosoma lanigerum, the woolly apple aphid.[2]
Common Malling rootstocks in the 1940s:
- US M2, M7, M8, M9 and M13
- UK[4] M1, M2, M9, M12, M13 and M16.
- Germany[5] M1, M2, M4, M5, M9, M11 and M16.
Relative size are dependent on climate, variety and soil.
Designation (Old designation) | Synonyms | Origin | Tree size a) | Tree size b) | Winter hardiness c) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M 1 (EM I) | Broad-leaved English paradise | England ca 1860 | v | sd-ss | 4 |
M 2 (EM II) | Doucin | France | v | sd-ss | 4 |
M 3 (EM III) | Dutch doucin, Hollyleaf paradise, Königs splittapfel | ? | sd | sd | 6 |
M 4 (EM IV) | Holstein doucin, Yellow doucin | Unknown | sv | sd-ss | 5 |
M 5 (EM V) | Doucin amelioré, Improved doucin, Red paradise | ? | v | sd-ss | 4 |
M 6 (EM VI) | Nonsuch paradise, Rivers's paradise | England ca 1860 | sd | 2 | |
M 7 (EM VII) | - | France, 1600s | sd | sd-d | 5 |
M 8 (EM VIII) | French paradise | <1696 | d | d | 2 |
M 9 (EM IX) | Jaune de metz, Yellow metz | France 1879 | vd | d | 3 |
M 10 (EM X) | U 1 | ? | vv | ss-s | 2 |
M 11 (EM XI) | Green doucin | Germany, 1904 | vv | ss | |
M 12 (EM XII) | - | England | v | s | 4 |
M 13 (EM XIII) | Black doucin, U 2 | Germany ca 1890 | v | sd-ss | 4 |
M 14 (EM XIV) | U 5 | Germany | v | ss | |
M 15 (EM XV) | U 6 | Germany | vv | ss-s | 2 |
M 16 (EM XVI) | Ketziner ideal, U 3 | Germany ca 1909 | vv | ss-s | 5 |
M 17 | identical to M 5 | Wageningen, Holland | sd | ||
M 18 | - | Wageningen, Holland | v | ss | |
M 19 | - | Berlin, Germany | v | ss | |
M 20 | Spurious 9 | France ? | vd | sd-d | |
M 21 | Cut-leaved 9 | ? | vd | sd-d | |
M 22 | - | Chelmsford, England | v | ss | |
M 23 | - | Chelmsford, England | v | sd | |
M 24 | Paradis de menton, Noir de menton, | ? | v | ss |
a) East Malling vd= very dwarf, d= dwarf, sd= semidwarf, sv= semivigorous, v= vigorous, vv= very vigorous.
b) Tukey, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964 d= dwarf, sd=semidwarf, ss= semistandard, s= standard.
c) Tukey, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964 6= highest winter hardiness, 2= lowest winter hardiness.
Name | Parentage | Cross made | Selected | Introduced |
---|---|---|---|---|
M 25 | Northern Spy x M 2 | 1952 | ||
M 26 | M 16 x M 9 | 1929 | 1958 or 1959 | |
M 27 | M 13 x M 9 | 1929 | 1934 | 1975 |
References
- ^ A. F. Posnette (2004). Hatton, Sir Ronald George (1886–1965). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33759. (subscription required).
- ^ a b c Lorraine Berkett (2006). Apple Orchard Information for Beginners. The University of Vermont. Archived 10 February 2006.
- ^ a b Tony Webster, Ken Tobutt, Kate Evans (2000). Breeding and Evaluation of New Rootstocks for Apple, Pear and Sweet Cherry. Conference paper, 43rd Annual IDFTA Conference, February 6–9, 2000, Napier, New Zealand. International Dwarf Fruit Tree Association. Accessed September 2017.
- ^ East Malling catalogues
- ^ F. Brumm, Der Baumschulbetrieb, 1949
- ^ Tukey Harold Bradford, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964
Links
- Rootstock
- Rootstocks
- List and description of rootstocks
- Apple rootstock identification — NSW Department of Primary Industries — Series: Agfact H4.1.10 – Edition: Second edition – Last updated: 12 Jun 2001
- Apple Rootstock Fact Sheets, listed by size class
- v
- t
- e
- Malus domestica
- Malus niedzwetzkyana
- Malus sieversii
- Adams Pearmain
- Aia Ilu
- Airlie Red Flesh
- Akane
- Åkerö
- Alkmene
- Allington Pippin
- Ambrosia
- Anna
- Annurca
- Ariane
- Arkansas Black
- Ashmead's Kernel
- Aurora Golden Gala
- Autumn Bough
- Autumn Glory
- Baldwin
- Beacon
- Beauty of Bath
- Belle de Boskoop
- Bellflower
- Ben Davis
- Birgit Bonnier
- Braeburn
- Brina
- Cameo
- Champion
- Civni (Rubens)
- Claygate Pearmain
- Clivia
- Cornish Aromatic
- Cornish Gilliflower
- Cortland
- Cosmic Crisp
- Court Pendu Plat
- Cox's Orange Pippin
- Crimson Gold
- Cripps Red
- Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)
- Delbard Jubilée
- Delbarestivale
- Delrouval
- Devonshire Quarrenden
- Discovery
- Dorsett Golden
- Dougherty
- Duchess of Oldenburg
- Dumelow's Seedling
- Egremont Russet
- Ellison's Orange
- Elstar
- Empire
- Enterprise
- Envy
- Esopus Spitzenburg
- Eva
- EverCrisp
- Fiesta
- Filippa
- Flamenco
- Florina
- Fuji
- Gala
- Gascoyne's Scarlet
- Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg
- Ginger Gold
- Golden Delicious
- Golden Orange
- Goldspur
- Granny Smith
- Gravenstein
- Grimes Golden
- Haralson
- Hokuto
- Honeycrisp
- Honeygold
- Idared
- Ingrid Marie
- James Grieve
- Jazz
- Jersey Black
- Jonadel
- Jonagold
- Jonathan
- Jubilee
- Julieta
- Jupiter
- Kanzi
- Karmijn de Sonnaville
- King of the Pippins
- Knobby Russet
- Lady Alice
- Laxton's Superb
- Liberty
- Liveland Raspberry
- Lodi
- Lord Lambourne
- Lucombe's Seedling
- Macoun
- McIntosh
- Melba
- Melrose
- Mutsu
- Newtown Pippin
- Nicola
- Opal
- Sciros (Pacific Rose)
- Pam's Delight
- Papirovka
- Paula Red
- Pink Pearl
- Pinova
- Prima
- Pristine
- Rajka
- Ralls Janet
- Rambo
- Rave
- Red Astrachan
- Red Delicious
- Red Pineapple
- Redlove apples
- Rhode Island Greening
- Ribston Pippin
- Roxbury Russet
- Sandow
- Sansa
- Sekai Ichi
- Spartan
- Splendour
- Star of Devon
- Stayman
- Sturmer Pippin
- Summerfree
- Sundowner
- Sunset
- Suntan
- SweeTango
- Taliaferro
- Tartu Rose
- Tentation
- Tompkins King
- Topaz
- Wealthy
- Winesap
- Winston
- Worcester Pearmain
- Wyken Pippin
- York Imperial
- Zestar
- Antonovka
- Bismarck
- Blenheim Orange
- Bramley
- Calville Blanc d'hiver
- Campanino
- Chelmsford Wonder
- Costard
- Creston
- Crimson Bramley
- Flower of Kent
- Golden Noble
- Granny Smith
- Grenadier
- King Byerd
- Manks Codlin
- Newton Wonder
- Norfolk Biffin
- Northern Spy
- Reinette du Canada
- Rome
- Upton Pyne
- White Transparent
- Wolf River
- Brown Snout
- Cap of Liberty
- Chisel Jersey
- Coccagee
- Crimson King
- Dabinett
- Dufflin
- Ellis Bitter
- Foxwhelp
- Golden Russet
- Golden Spire
- Hangdown
- Harrison Cider
- Kingston Black
- Major
- Michelin
- Poveshon
- Redstreak
- Slack-ma-Girdle
- Styre
- Tom Putt
- Woodcock
- Yarlington Mill
- Flamenco
- Goldspur
- Wijcik McIntosh
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