Manuel Becerra Bermúdez

Manuel Becerra
Portrait by Francisco Jover y Casanova, 1888
Personal details
Born20 October 1820
Santa María del Otero, Castro de Rey, Spain
Died19 December 1896
Madrid, Spain
Political partyDemocratic Party
Liberal Fusionist Party
Dynastic Left
OccupationPolitician, math teacher, revolutionary, academic
Signature

Manuel Becerra Bermúdez (20 October 1820 – 19 December 1896) was a Spanish politician, mathematician and revolutionary. A Republican who would later embrace monarchism, he went on to assume the ministerial portfolios of Overseas and Development during the Sexenio Democrático, returning for two additional spells as Overseas minister during the regency of Maria Christina of Austria.

Biography

Early life and revolutionary activity

Born in Santa María del Otero, Castro de Rey, province of Lugo, on 20 October 1820.[1] Son to a math teacher, he did not complete studies in Engineering.[2] He received however substantial teaching in Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy from José de Subercase [ca] and founded a reputed Academy of Mathematics in Madrid.[3]

A defender of Republicanism in his early life, he took part in the 1848 Revolution [es],[4] One of the founders of the Democratic–Progressive Party (best known as Democratic Party) in 1849,[5] he also took part in the 1854 revolts, battling in the streets of Madrid,[4] being arrested and imprisoned at El Saladero.[6] Following the 1856 counter-revolutionary involution by O'Donnell, Becerra entered in combat in the Plaza de Santo Domingo at the helm of a light battalion of the National Militia trying to defend the Constitutional liberties side by side Sixto Cámara [es] against a battalion of Jägers sent by O'Donnell,[7][8] and was forced to exile.[4] He would endorse the June 1866 Cuartel de San Gil uprising [es] (for which he was sentenced to death by garrote for rebellion).[9] Forced again to exile, he was one of the endorsers of the 16 August 1866 Pact of Ostend [es] becoming (as representative of the democrats) one of the three legs of the coordination of the revolutionary action along Juan Prim and Joaquín Aguirre [es] (representative of the progressives), that aimed towards the overthrow of Isabella II and the call of Constituent Cortes elected by universal suffrage.[10]

Sexenio democrático

After the 1868 Glorious Revolution, Becerra became a member of the Junta Superior Revolucionaria.[11] Along Nicolás María Rivero [es] and Cristino Martos he would become one of the leaders of the so-called cimbrios [es], the monarchist democrats part of the 1868–1871 Provisional Government.[12]

In July 1869, during the Regency of Marshal Serrano, he was appointed as Minister of Overseas.[13] A founding member of the Spanish Abolitionist Society back in 1864,[14] he took measures during his first ministerial tenure towards the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico, presenting two projects in 1869, which were not welcomed either by his cabinet peers or from the parliament.[15] After months of fierce resistance to the ministerial initiatives from pro-slavery legislators such as Antonio Cánovas del Castillo or Francisco Romero Robledo, Becerra was forced to resign in March 1870 amid intense pressure.[16]

Already entered the reign of Amadeo, during the premiership of Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla, Becerra was appointed as Minister of Development in December 1872, replacing José Echegaray.[17] On 11 February 1873, in a vote at the Cortes during the same session in which the declaration of the First Republic was proclaimed, he was confirmed as Minister of Development (with 266 votes in favour).[18] He would however leave the ministry by late February.[17]

Bourbon Restoration and later life

Political cartoon depicting Becerra (in the company of Montero Ríos, Castelar, Cánovas, and Sagasta) trimming the nails of a lion that is wearing a (Republican) Phrygian cap (Demócrito [es], 1881).

Following the Bourbon Restoration, Becerra joined the Liberal Fusionist Party led by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta as part of its left-leaning faction.[19] He left the fusionists in 1881 to create along Segismundo Moret, Eugenio Montero Ríos and José López Domínguez the Dynastic Left.[19]

An initiated Freemason (symbol: Fortaleza; grade: 33),[20] Becerra was chosen as Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Spain in 1884; after his departure from the post in 1886, the organization was thrown into chaos and divided into factions.[21]

Elected to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1885, he took office as numerary member (Medal #36) on 18 November 1886,[22] reading a discourse titled Evolución de la Matemática e influencia que en los progresos de esta ciencia ejerció la civilización árabe ("Evolution of Mathematics and the influence of the Arab civilization on the progress of this science"), replied by Eduardo Saavedra.[23]

Becerra returned to the ministry of Overseas in two occasions: from December 1888 to January 1890 and from March 1894 to November 1894, as part of cabinets presided by Sagasta.[24]

He died on 19 December 1896 at his address in the Plaza del Cordón [es] in Madrid; he was apparently drinking a glass of milk, and, as it slipped out of his hand, after a sigh, he died.[25][26] He was buried at the Sacramental de San Lorenzo [es] on the next day.[25]

References

Citations
  1. ^ Pérez y Verdes 1998, p. 202.
  2. ^ Cuenca Toribio & Miranda García 1993, p. 217.
  3. ^ Pérez y Verdes 1998, pp. 203–204.
  4. ^ a b c "D. Manuel Becerra". Los diputados. Pintados por sus hechos (PDF). Madrid: R. Labajos y Compañía, Editores. 1869. p. 44.
  5. ^ Pérez y Verdes 1998, p. 204.
  6. ^ Pérez y Verdes 1998, pp. 204–205.
  7. ^ Martín López, José. "Un cartógrafo dentro de su época" (PDF). CT Catastro. Madrid: Dirección General del Catastro: 97. ISSN 1138-3488.
  8. ^ Vila 1887, p. 362.
  9. ^ González-Pola de la Granja 2002, p. 96.
  10. ^ Bolaños Mejías, María Carmen (2014). El reinado de Amadeo de Saboya y la monarquía constitucional. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. ISBN 978-84-362-6885-0.
  11. ^ Urquijo Goitia 2008, p. 62.
  12. ^ González Manso 2017, pp. 74–75.
  13. ^ Urquijo Goitia 2008, p. 66.
  14. ^ Domingo Acebrón 2006, p. 142.
  15. ^ Pinto Tortosa 2018, pp. 143–144.
  16. ^ Pinto Tortosa 2018, p. 144.
  17. ^ a b "Sexenio Revolucionario (30.09.1868 / 31.12.1874)". Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  18. ^ Garrandés Rabinad 1961, p. 803.
  19. ^ a b Lagardera Otero 1992, p. 85.
  20. ^ López Casimiro 2013, p. 587.
  21. ^ Álvarez Lázaro 1987, p. 32–34.
  22. ^ Relación de académicos desde el año 1847 hasta el 2003 (PDF). Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. p. 116.
  23. ^ "Discursos de recepción de académicos". Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales.
  24. ^ "Regencia de María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena (25.11.1885 / 17.05.1902)". Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
  25. ^ a b "Entierro de D. Manuel Becerra". La Época. XLVIII (16720). 20 December 1896. ISSN 2254-559X.
  26. ^ "Don Manuel Becerra". El Liberal. XVII (6268). Madrid. 20 December 1896. ISSN 2174-6648.
Bibliography
  • Álvarez Lázaro, Pedro F. (1987). "Pluralismo masónico en España". In Ferrer Benimeli, José Antonio (ed.). La masonería en la España del siglo XIX (PDF). Vol. 1. pp. 19–56. ISBN 84-505-5233-8.
  • Cuenca Toribio, José Manuel; Miranda García, Soledad (1993). "Sociología Ministerial del Sexenio Democrático" (PDF). Investigaciones Históricas: Época Moderna y Contemporánea. 13. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid: 207–222. ISSN 0210-9425.
  • Domingo Acebrón, María Dolores (2006). Rafael María de Labra: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Las Filipinas, Europa y Marruecos, en la España del sexenio democrático y la restauración (1871–1918). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. ISBN 84-00-08447-0.
  • Garrandés Rabinad, Enrique (1961). "Vicisitudeds de las órdenes militares y las reales maestranzas de caballería durante la primera república". Revista Hidalguía (49).
  • González Manso, Ana Isabel (2017). "El concepto de libertad de cultos en el debate de las Cortes Constituyentes de 1869" (PDF). Historia Constitucional: Revista Electrónica de Historia Constitucional (18): 71–93. doi:10.17811/hc.v0i18.480. ISSN 1576-4729.
  • González-Pola de la Granja, Pablo (2002). La configuración de la mentalidad militar contemporánea y el movimiento intelectual castrense. El siglo crítico, 1800–1900 (PDF). Universidad Complutense de Madrid. ISBN 84-669-2197-4.
  • López Casimiro, Francisco (2013). "Aproximación a un catálogo de diputados masones durante la Restauración (1876-1901)" (PDF). Boletín de la Real Academia de Extremadura de las Letras y las Artes. 21: 613–666. ISSN 1130-0612.
  • Lagardera Otero, Francisco (1992). "Introducción de la Gimnástica en el Sistema Educativo Español". Educació, activitats físiques i esport en una perspectiva històrica. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 82.
  • Pérez y Verdes, Ricardo (1998). "Presentación de Manuel Becerra: A los cien años de su muerte, aún continúa en el olvido" (PDF). Educación física e deporte no século XXI. VI Congreso Galego de Educación Física (1996. A Coruña). Xornada Manuel Becerra. A Coruña: Universidade da Coruña. pp. 201–209. ISBN 84-89694-69-9.
  • Pinto Tortosa, Antonio Jesús (2018). "Libertad frente a esclavismo: la Revolución Gloriosa y la cuestión abolicionista (1868-1873)" (PDF). Ayer. 112 (4). Madrid: Asociación de Historia Contemporánea Marcial Pons Ediciones de Historia: 129–155. doi:10.55509/ayer/112-2018-06. ISSN 1134-2277. S2CID 252390162.
  • Roldán de Montaud, Inés (2015). "La elite político-administrativa del Ministerio de Ultramar: los subsecretarios (1863–1899)". In Luis, Jean Philippe (ed.). L'État dans ses colonies. Les administrateurs de l'empire espagnol au XIXe siècle. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez. pp. 99–118.
  • Urquijo Goitia, José Ramón (2008). Gobiernos y ministros españoles en la edad contemporánea. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. ISBN 978-84-00-08737-1.
  • Vila, Francisco (1887). Sesenta años en un tomo. Apuntes para la historia política, social, literaria y artística de España desde 1808 a 1868. Madrid: Tipografía de Diego Pacheco Latorre.
Party political offices
Preceded by Minister of Overseas
1869–1870 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Development
1872–1873 		Succeeded by
Eduardo Chao [es]
Preceded by
Trinitario Ruiz Capdepón [es]
 Minister of Overseas
1888–1890 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Overseas
1894 		Succeeded by
Masonic offices
Preceded by
Antonio Romero Ortiz [es]
 Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Spain
1884–1886 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by
José Subercase y Jiménez [ca]
 Medal #36 of the Royal Academy of Sciences
1886–1896 		Succeeded by
Vicente Ventosa Martínez de Velasco [ca]
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