Paipa-Iza volcanic complex

LocationPaipa & Iza, Boyacá
 ColombiaParent rangeEastern Ranges, AndesGeologyAge of rockPlio-PleistoceneMountain typeVolcanic fieldType of rockPorphyritic plagioclase and sanidine-rich rhyolitesVolcanic beltAndean Volcanic Belt
 Northern Volcanic ZoneLast eruptionEarly PleistoceneClimbingFirst ascentPrecolumbianEasiest routeDrive to Paipa or IzaAccessPartially restricted (quarries)
Thermal baths touristic attraction

The Paipa–Iza volcanic complex is a volcanic field of Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene age on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. It is the northernmost volcanic complex of the Andean Volcanic Belt with Fueguino in Tierra del Fuego, Chile, at the opposite end of the Andean mountain belt.

The complex, comprising mainly felsic extrusive volcanic rocks as rhyolites, also is the only confirmed volcanic province in the Eastern Ranges, with traces of probably contemporaneous explosive volcanic activity in the vicinity of Guatavita, Cundinamarca.

The Paipa-Iza volcanic field is important as a touristic site with thermal baths in both Paipa and Iza and is being studied for the potential of geothermal energy production and for the extraction of uranium in the area.

Etymology

The names Paipa and Iza originate in Muysccubun, the language of the indigenous Muisca, who inhabited the Altiplano Cundiboyacense before the Spanish conquest. Paipa was the name of a cacique who served under cacique Tundama of Duitama and Iza means "place of healing".^[1]

Geography

The Paipa–Iza volcanic complex is located in the northern part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense at altitudes between 2,500 and 2,770 metres (8,200 and 9,090 ft). The northwestern part of the complex is situated in the municipality Paipa and the southeastern part in Iza, both belonging to the department of Boyacá.

Climate

Paipa - 2525 m
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     29     21 7     44     22 8     65     22 8     123     21 10     124     20 10     61     19 9     46     19 8     50     20 8     68     20 8     151     20 9     99     20 9     51     21 8 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-data.org - Paipa
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.1     70 45     1.7     71 47     2.6     71 47     4.8     69 49     4.9     68 49     2.4     67 48     1.8     67 46     2     67 46     2.7     68 47     5.9     67 48     3.9     69 48     2     69 46 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Paipa–Iza volcanic complex

The complex was active from the late Pliocene, around 2.7 Ma, until the earliest Pleistocene, around 2.3 Ma.^[2][3][4][5]

The complex at Iza consists of two domes; Domo Holcim with 0.67 square kilometres (7,200,000 sq ft) and Domo Los Sauces 0.12 square kilometres (30 acres) in size. They consist of porphyritic rhyolites with sanidine and plagioclase as dominant mineral groups and abundant xenoliths of sedimentary rock and in minor quantities volcanic or metamorphic fragments. The overall rock composition is very felsic and comprises biotites and amphiboles as opaque minerals.^[6]

Geothermal energy

The complex is studied for the potential of geothermal energy production.^[7][8][9]

Resources

The complex is studied for the potential of uranium mining.^[10][11]

Regional geology

Cretaceous

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges

Age	Paleomap	VMM	Guaduas-Vélez		W Emerald Belt		Villeta anticlinal		Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco	Tunja- Duitama	Altiplano Cundiboyacense		El Cocuy
Maastrichtian		Umir	Córdoba		Seca		eroded		Guaduas				Colón-Mito Juan
					Umir				Guadalupe
Campanian					Córdoba
					Oliní
Santonian		La Luna	Cimarrona - La Tabla										La Luna
Coniacian			Oliní				Villeta	Conejo		Chipaque
			Güagüaquí	Loma Gorda	undefined			La Frontera
Turonian				Hondita	La Frontera	Otanche
Cenomanian		Simití	hiatus		La Corona			Simijaca					Capacho
					Pacho Fm.			Hiló - Pacho	Churuvita	Une			Aguardiente
Albian					Hiló				Chiquinquirá	Tibasosa	Une
		Tablazo			Tablazo			Capotes - La Palma - Simití	Simití				Tibú-Mercedes
Aptian					Capotes			Socotá - El Peñón	Paja		Fómeque
		Paja			Paja	El Peñón		Trincheras					Río Negro
							La Naveta
Barremian
Hauterivian						Muzo					Cáqueza	Las Juntas
		Rosablanca							Ritoque
Valanginian					Ritoque	Furatena	Útica - Murca		Rosablanca	hiatus		Macanal
					Rosablanca
Berriasian		Cumbre			Cumbre				Los Medios			Guavio
		Tambor			Arcabuco				Cumbre
Sources

See also

• List of volcanoes in Colombia
• Altiplano Cundiboyacense
  • Bogotá savanna

References

Bibliography

Geology

• Jaramillo, José M; Pilar Rojas Linero, and John I. Garver. 2005. Pliocene volcanism in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, 411-412. 6th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG 2005, Barcelona). Accessed 2017-02-25.
• Monsalve, Maria Luisa; Nadia R. Rojas; Francisco A. Velandia P.; Iraida Pintor, and Lina Fernanda Martínez. 2011. Caracterización geológica del cuerpo volcánico de Iza, Boyacá - Colombia. Boletín de Geología 33. 117-130. Accessed 2017-02-25.
• Romero, Fernando H, and Marco A. Rincón. 1990. Características Petrográficas y Geoquímicas de las Rocas Volcánicas de Iza (Departamento de Boyacá, Colombia). Geologia Colombiana 17. 159-168. Accessed 2017-02-25.
• Vesga G., Ana María, and José M. Jaramillo. 2009. Geoquímica del domo volcánico en el municipio de Iza, Departamento de Boyacá; interpretación geodinámica y comparación con el vulcanismo neógeno de la Cordillera Oriental. Boletín de Geología 31. 97-108. Accessed 2017-02-25.

Geothermal

• Alfaro, Claudia; Francisco Velandia; Hector Cepeda, and Natalia Pardo. 2010. Preliminary Conceptual Model of the Paipa Geothermal System, Colombia, 1-7. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25–29 April 2010. Accessed 2017-02-25.
• Mejía, Eliana; Lorena Rayo; Javier Méndez, and Julián Echeverri. 2014. Geothermal development in Colombia, 1-7. Short Course VI on Utilization of Low- and Medium-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources and Financial Aspects of Utilization. Accessed 2017-02-25.
• Moyano, Ismael, and Edwin Vallejo. 2015. Contribution to the Knowledge of the Paipa Geothermal System by the Application of the Magnetotelluric Method, 1-6. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19–25 April 2015. Accessed 2017-02-25.

Resources

• González Oviedo, L. 2009a. Uranium exploration in Paipa and Iza area (Colombia), preliminary report of new contributions, 96-106. Uranium Raw Material for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Exploration, Mining, Production, Supply and Demand, Economics and Environmental Issues (URAM-2009). Proceedings of an International Symposium. Accessed 2017-02-25.
• González Oviedo, L. 2009b. Uranium exploration in Paipa and Iza area (Colombia), new contributions (preliminary report), 1-36. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-02-25.

Maps

• Renzoni, Giancarlo, and Humberto Rosas. 2009. Plancha 171 - Duitama - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
• Renzoni, Giancarlo; Humberto Rosas, and Fernando Etayo Serna. 1998. Plancha 191 - Tunja - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
• Velandia, Francisco, and Héctor Cepeda. 2005. Planchas 171 & 191 - Geología sector del sur del municipio de Paipa (Boyacá) - 1:25,000. INGEOMINAS.

External links

• Volcanoes in the Eastern Ranges - Masmuisca.com