Panina

Subtribe of mammals

Panina Temporal range: 7–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

A male Chimpanzee (left) and a male bonobo (right)

Phylogeny of Panina including the ghost lineage and Sahelanthropus.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Hominidae
Subfamily:	Homininae
Tribe:	Hominini
Subtribe:	Panina Delson, 1977^[1]
Type genus
Pan Blumenbach, 1775
Genera
Pan Sahelanthropus?

Panina^[2] is a subtribe of Hominini comprising all descendants of the human-chimpanzee last common ancestor (LCA) that are not a part of the human lineage; that is, all ancestors of the type genus, Pan (chimpanzees and bonobos).^[3]^[1] The split occurred around 6–8 mya.^[4] Fossils from this subtribe are typically rare because they tend to live in environments with poor fossilization. Some of the earliest chimpanzee fossils are 500,000 years of age.^[5]

Classification

Hominini is typically subdivided into two subtribes: the Australopithecina (or Hominina) and Panina. The genus Sahelanthropus lived around the time of the divergence, and may have been a member of either lineage, a precursor to both lineages, or possibly a member of Gorillini. Regardless, the morphology of S. tchadensis supports the theory that hominins at and after the divergence are unlikely to resemble their derived descendants in appearance.^[6]^[7] A genetic study conducted in 2010 surveyed chimpanzee mitochondrial genomes and discovered the presence of an extinct ghost lineage of Panina that diverged around 3.3 mya and began interbreeding with bonobos, who then interbred with chimpanzees. This signature is carried more heavily in P. troglodytes despite having interbred with bonobos first, seeing as how they occupy a greater range.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b Delson, Eric (1977). "Catarrhine phylogeny and classification: Principles, methods and comments". Journal of Human Evolution. 6 (5): 433–459. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(77)80057-2.
^ Panina at Fossilworks.org
^ Harrison, T. (2010), "Dendropithecoidea, Proconsuloidea, and Hominoidea", Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, pp. 429–470, doi:10.1525/california/9780520257214.003.0024, ISBN 9780520257214
^ Dolhinow, Phyllis; Sarich, Vincent (1971). Background for Man. Little, Brown & Co. p. 76. ISBN 9780512246967.
^ Hopkin, M. (2005), "First chimp fossil unearthed", Nature, doi:10.1038/news050829-10
^ Guy, F.; Lieberman, D.E.; Pilbeam, D.; et al. (2005). "Morphological affinities of the Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Late Miocene hominid from Chad) cranium". PNAS. 102 (52): 18836–18841. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10218836G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509564102. PMC 1323204. PMID 16380424.
^ Wolpoff, M. H.; Hawks, J.; Senut, B.; et al. (2006). "An Ape or the Ape : Is the Toumaï Cranium TM 266 a Hominid?" (PDF). PaleoAnthropology. 2006: 36–50.
^ Bjork, Adam; Liu, Weimin; Wertheim, Joel O.; Hahn, Beatrice H.; Worobey, Michael (2011), "Evolutionary History of Chimpanzees Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genomes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28: 615–623, doi:10.1093/molbev/msq227, PMC 3108604, PMID 20802239

Apes

Extant
ape species

Homo
- Human (H. sapiens)
Pan
- Bonobo (P. paniscus)
- Chimpanzee (P. troglodytes)
Gorilla
- Eastern gorilla (G. beringei)
- Western gorilla (G. gorilla)
Orangutan
- Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii)
- Bornean orangutan (P. pygmaeus)
- Tapanuli orangutan (P. tapanuliensis)
Gibbon (family: Hylobatidae)

Study of apes

Legal and
social status

Category

Extant species of family Hominidae (great apes)

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini

Hominidae

Ponginae

Pongo (Orangutans)	Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii) Bornean orangutan (P. pygmaeus) Tapanuli orangutan (P. tapanuliensis)

Homininae

Gorilla
(Gorillas)

Eastern gorilla (G. beringei)
Western gorilla (G. gorilla)

Hominini

Pan	Bonobo (P. paniscus) Chimpanzee (P. troglodytes)
Homo (Humans)	Human (H. sapiens)

Category

Haplorhini

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates

Haplorhini

†"Omomyidae"

Altanius? Altiatlasius? Bownomomys Kohatius
Microchoerinae	Indusomys Melaneremia Microchoerus Nannopithex Necrolemur Paraloris Pseudoloris Quercyloris Vectipithex
"Anaptomorphinae"	Absarokius Anaptomorphus Anemorhysis Arapahovius Aycrossia Chlororhysis Gazinius Pseudotetonius Sphacorhysis Strigorhysis Tatmanius Teilhardina Tetonius Tetonoides Trogolemur Walshina
"Omomyinae"	Ageitodendron Asiomomys Brontomomys Chipetaia Chumashius Diablomomys Dyseolemur Ekwiiyemakius Gunnelltarsius Hemiacodon Jemezius Loveina Macrotarsius Nesomomys Omomys Ourayia Rooneyia Shoshonius Steinius Stockia Uintanius Utahia Washakius Wyomomys Yaquius
Tarkadectinae	Tarka Tarkadectes Tarkops

Tarsiiformes

†Archicebus †Afrotarsiidae? †"Omomyidae"?
Tarsiidae	Carlito Cephalopachus †Hesperotarsius †Oligotarsius Tarsius †Xanthorhysis?

Simiiformes

- see below↓

Simiiformes

†Altiatlasius?
†Amamria
†Aseanpithecus
†Nosmips?
†Phileosimias?

†Afrotarsiidae?

Afrasia
Afrotarsius

†Eosimiidae

Bahinia
Eosimias
Phenacopithecus

†Amphipithecidae

Amphipithecus
Bugtipithecus?
Ganlea
Krabia
Myanmarpithecus
Pondaungia
Siamopithecus

†Parapithecoidea

Arsinoea Biretia
Proteopithecidae	Proteopithecus Serapia
Parapithecidae	Abuqatrania Apidium Parapithecus Qatrania Ucayalipithecus

Platyrrhini

†Parvimico †Perupithecus †Szalatavus †Canaanimico †Branisella †Lagonimico
Aotidae	Aotus †Tremacebus
Pitheciidae	†Antillothrix Cacajao Callicebus †Carlocebus †Cebupithecia Cheracebus Chiropotes †Homunculus †Insulacebus †Mazzonicebus †Miocallicebus †Nuciruptor Pithecia Plecturocebus †Proteropithecia †Soriacebus †Xenothrix
Atelidae	Alouatta Ateles Brachyteles †Caipora †Cartelles †Chilecebus Lagothrix †Mohanamico Oreonax †Paralouatta †Protopithecus †Solimoea †Stirtonia
Cebidae	†Acrecebus Cebus †Dolichocebus †Killikaike †Panamacebus †Patasola Saimiri Sapajus
Callitrichidae	Callimico Callithrix Cebuella Leontocebus Leontopithecus Mico †Micodon Saguinus

Catarrhini	see below↓

Catarrhini

†Micropithecus
†Saadanius

†Oligopithecidae

Catopithecus
Oligopithecus
Talahpithecus

†Propliopithecidae

Aegyptopithecus
Propliopithecus

†Pliopithecoidea

Krishnapithecus Paidopithex †Kapi
Pliopithecidae	Epipliopithecus Pliopithecus
Dionysopithecidae	Dionysopithecus Platodontopithecus
Crouzeliidae	Anapithecus Barberapithecus Crouzelia Egarapithecus Fanchangia Laccopithecus Plesiopliopithecus Pliobates

Cercopithecoidea

†Alophe

†Victoriapithecidae

Noropithecus
Nsungwepithecus?
Prohylobates?
Victoriapithecus
Zaltanpithecus

Colobinae

Cercopithecinae

Cercopithecini	Allenopithecus Allochrocebus Cercopithecus Chlorocebus Erythrocebus Miopithecus †Nanopithecus
Papionini	Cercocebus †Dinopithecus †Gorgopithecus Lophocebus Macaca Mandrillus Papio †Paradolichopithecus †Parapapio †Pliopapio †Procercocebus †Procynocephalus Rungwecebus †Soromandrillus Theropithecus

Hominoidea	see below↓

Hominoidea

†Afropithecus †Ekembo †Equatorius †Griphopithecus †Kamoyapithecus? †Kenyapithecus †Morotopithecus †Nacholapithecus †Otavipithecus †Proconsul †Samburupithecus
†Dendropithecidae	Dendropithecus Micropithecus? Nyanzapithecus Oreopithecus? Rangwapithecus Rukwapithecus Simiolus Turkanapithecus
Hylobatidae	†Bunopithecus Hoolock Hylobates †Junzi Nomascus Symphalangus †Yuanmoupithecus

Hominidae

†Graecopithecus †Nakalipithecus †Ouranopithecus
Ponginae	†Ankarapithecus †Gigantopithecus †Indopithecus †Khoratpithecus †Lufengpithecus †Meganthropus Pongo †Sivapithecus

Pan
Hominina	†Ardipithecus? †Australopithecus †Graecopithecus? Homo †Kenyanthropus †Orrorin? †Sahelanthropus? †Paranthropus