Setaria
Genus of grasses
| Foxtail | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Setaria parviflora in Hawai'i | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
| Supertribe: | Panicodae |
| Tribe: | Paniceae |
| Subtribe: | Cenchrinae |
| Genus: | Setaria P.Beauv. 1812, conserved name not Ach. ex Michx. 1803 (a lichen)[1][2] |
| Type species | |
| Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv.[3] | |
| Synonyms[4] | |
| |
Setaria is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family.[5][6] The name is derived from the Latin word seta, meaning "bristle" or "hair", which refers to the bristly spikelets.[7]
The genus includes over 100 species distributed in many tropical and temperate regions around the world,[8] and members are commonly known as foxtail or bristle grasses.[2][9][10][11][12][13]
Description
The grass is topped by a cylindrical long-haired head, which tend to droop when ripe. The seeds are less than 6 millimetres (1⁄4 inch) in length.[14]
Species
As of May 2024[update], Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:[15]
- Setaria adhaerens (Forssk.) Chiov.
- Setaria albovillosa (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster
- Setaria alonsoi Pensiero & A.M.Anton
- Setaria ankarensis (A.Camus) ined.
- Setaria apiculata (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum.
- Setaria appendiculata (Hack.) Stapf
- Setaria arizonica Rominger
- Setaria atrata Hack.
- Setaria australiensis (Scribn. & Merr.) Vickery – scrub pigeon grass
- Setaria austrocaledonica (Balansa) A.Camus
- Setaria aversa (Vickery) R.D.Webster
- Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth – bristly foxtail grass, corn grass, Mary grass
- Setaria barbinodis R.A.W.Herrm.
- Setaria basiclada (Hughes) R.D.Webster
- Setaria bathiei A.Camus
- Setaria bosseri A.Camus
- Setaria brigalow R.D.Webster
- Setaria brownii Desv.
- Setaria carinata S.Nozawa & Pensiero
- Setaria cernua Kunth
- Setaria chapmanii (Vasey) Pilg.
- Setaria chondrachne (Steud.) Honda
- Setaria clementii (Domin) R.D.Webster
- Setaria clivalis (Ridl.) Veldkamp
- Setaria constricta (Domin) R.D.Webster
- Setaria cordobensis R.A.W.Herrm.
- Setaria corrugata (Elliott) Schult.
- Setaria criniformis (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster
- Setaria desertorum (A.Rich.) Morrone
- Setaria dielsii R.A.W.Herrm.
- Setaria distans (Trin.) Veldkamp
- Setaria distantiflora (A.Rich.) Pilg.
- Setaria elegantula (Mez) Morat
- Setaria faberi R.A.W.Herrm. – giant foxtail, Chinese foxtail
- Setaria fiebrigii R.A.W.Herrm.
- Setaria finita Launert
- Setaria flavida (Retz.) Veldkamp
- Setaria forbesiana (Nees ex Steud.) Hook.f.
- Setaria gausa (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster
- Setaria geminata (Forssk.) Veldkamp
- Setaria globoidea (Domin) R.D.Webster
- Setaria globulifera (Steud.) Griseb.
- Setaria gracillima Hook.f.
- Setaria grandis Stapf
- Setaria grandispiculata (B.K.Simon) R.D.Webster
- Setaria grisebachii E.Fourn.
- Setaria guizhouensis S.L.Chen & G.Y.Sheng
- Setaria hassleri Hack.
- Setaria homonyma (Steud.) Chiov.
- Setaria humbertiana A.Camus
- Setaria hunzikeri Anton
- Setaria incrassata (Hochst.) Hack. – Vlei bristlegrass
- Setaria intermedia Roem. & Schult.
- Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. – foxtail millet, dwarf setaria, Italian millet
- Setaria jaffrei Morat
- Setaria johnsonii (B.K.Simon) ined.
- Setaria jubiflora (Trin.) R.D.Webster
- Setaria kagerensis Mez
- Setaria lachnea (Nees) Kunth
- Setaria latifolia (Scribn.) R.A.W.Herrm.
- Setaria leonis (E.Ekman) León
- Setaria leucopila (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum. – plains bristle grass, streambed bristle grass
- Setaria liebmannii E.Fourn.
- Setaria limensis Tovar
- Setaria lindenbergiana (Nees) Stapf
- Setaria longipila E.Fourn.
- Setaria longiseta P.Beauv.
- Setaria macrosperma (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum.
- Setaria macrostachya Kunth
- Setaria madecassa A.Camus
- Setaria magna Griseb. – giant bristle grass
- Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz – broad-leaved bristle grass, ribbon bristle grass
- Setaria mendocina Phil.
- Setaria mildbraedii Mez ex C.E.Hubb.
- Setaria montana Reeder
- Setaria nicorae Pensiero
- Setaria nigrirostris (Nees) T.Durand & Schinz – black-seed bristle grass
- Setaria oblongata (Griseb.) Parodi
- Setaria obscura de Wit
- Setaria obtusifolia (Delile) Morrone
- Setaria oplismenoides R.A.W.Herrm.
- Setaria orthosticha K.Schum. ex R.A.W.Herrm.
- Setaria palmeri Henrard
- Setaria palmifolia (J.Koenig) Stapf – palm grass, highland pitpit
- Setaria pampeana Parodi ex Nicora
- Setaria paraguayensis Pensiero
- Setaria parodii Nicora
- Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen – knotroot bristle grass, slender pigeon grass
- Setaria paspalidioides Vickery
- Setaria paucifolia (Morong) Lindm.
- Setaria perrieri A.Camus
- Setaria petiolata Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
- Setaria pflanzii Pensiero
- Setaria plicata (Lam.) T.Cooke
- Setaria poiretiana (Schult.) Kunth – grama negra, gramalote sacha
- Setaria pradana (León ex C.L.Hitchc.) León
- Setaria pseudaristata (Peter) Pilg.
- Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. – yellow foxtail
- Setaria punctata (Burm.f.) Veldkamp
- Setaria queenslandica Domin
- Setaria rara (R.Br.) R.D.Webster
- Setaria reflexa (R.D.Webster) R.D.Webster
- Setaria restioidea (Franch.) Stapf
- Setaria retiglumis (Domin) R.D.Webster
- Setaria reverchonii (Vasey) Pilg.
- Setaria rigida Stapf
- Setaria roemeri Jansen
- Setaria rosengurttii Nicora
- Setaria sagittifolia (A.Rich.) Walp.
- Setaria scabrifolia (Nees) Kunth
- Setaria scandens Schrad.
- Setaria scheelei (Steud.) Hitchc. – southwestern bristle grass
- Setaria scottii (Hack.) A.Camus
- Setaria setosa (Sw.) P.Beauv.
- Setaria spartella (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster
- Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. – African bristle grass, South African pigeon grass
- Setaria stolonifera Boldrini
- Setaria submacrostachya Luces
- Setaria sulcata Raddi
- Setaria surgens Stapf
- Setaria tabulata (Hack.) R.D.Webster
- Setaria taolanensis A.Camus
- Setaria tenacissima Schrad.
- Setaria tenax (Rich.) Desv.
- Setaria texana Emery
- Setaria uda (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster
- Setaria utowanaea (Scribn.) Pilg.
- Setaria vaginata Spreng.
- Setaria variifolia (Swallen) Davidse
- Setaria vatkeana K.Schum.
- Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv. – bristly foxtail
- Setaria villosissima (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum.
- Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. – green foxtail
- Setaria vulpiseta (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. – plains bristle grass
- Setaria welwitschii Rendle
- Setaria yunnanensis Keng f. & K.D.Yu
- Formerly included[4]
Numerous species were once considered members of Setaria but have since been reassigned to the following genera: Brachiaria, Dissochondrus, Echinochloa, Holcolemma, Ixophorus, Oplismenus, Panicum, Pennisetum, Pseudoraphis, Setariopsis, and Urochloa
Uses
The grains can be eaten raw, though are hard and can be bitter; boiling can reduce both of these properties.[14]
Several species have been domesticated and used as staple crops throughout history: foxtail millet (S. italica), korali (S. pumila) in India, and, before the full domestication of maize, Setaria macrostachya in Mexico.[16] Several species are still cultivated today as food or as animal fodder, such as foxtail millet and korali (S. pumila), while others are considered invasive weeds.[17] S. italica and S. viridis are being developed as genetic model systems for the study of monocots and bioenergy grasses.[18]
Other species that have been cultivated as crops include S. palmifolia (highland pitpit) of Papua New Guinea, where it is cultivated as a green vegetable; S. parviflora (knot-root foxtail), historically cultivated in Mesoamerica; and S. sphacelata (African bristle grass) of Sudan, a "lost millet" of Nubia.[19]
See also
- Hendrik de Wit, a botanist who studied Setaria
References
- ^ Tropicos, Setaria Ach. ex Michx.
- ^ a b "Genus: Setaria P. Beauv". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
- ^ lectotype designated by Hitchcock, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22(3): 156 (1920)
- ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie page 51 in Latin
- ^ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie plate XIII (13), figure III (3) line drawing of Setaria viridis
- ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Vol. 4: R-Q. CRC Press. p. 2470. ISBN 0-8493-2673-7.
- ^ Aliscioni, S., et al. An overview of the genus Setaria (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) in the Old World: Systematic revision and phylogenetic approach. Abstract. Botany 2004. Salt Lake City. August 3, 2004.
- ^ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 1, 499, 531 狗尾草属 gou wei cao shu Setaria P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 51. 1812
- ^ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
- ^ Altervista Flora Italiana Archived 2015-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Atlas of Living Australia
- ^ Sanbi Red List of South African Plants
- ^ a b The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Setaria P.Beauv." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Diao, Xianmin; Jia, Guanqing (2017). "Origin and Domestication of Foxtail Millet". Genetics and Genomics of Setaria. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. Vol. 19. pp. 61–72. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45105-3_4. ISBN 978-3-319-45103-9. ISSN 2363-9601.
- ^ Dekker, Jack (29 February 2004). "4". In Inderjit (ed.). Weed Biology and Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 65–67. ISBN 9781402017612.
- ^ Li, P.; Brutnell, T. P. (2011-03-31). "Setaria viridis and Setaria italica, model genetic systems for the Panicoid grasses". Journal of Experimental Botany. 62 (9): 3031–3037. doi:10.1093/jxb/err096. ISSN 0022-0957. PMID 21459768.
- ^ Fuller, Dorian Q. (2014). "Millets: Origins and Development". Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 4945–4948. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2181. ISBN 978-1-4419-0426-3. S2CID 129203615.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Setaria.
Wikispecies has information related to Setaria.
- Setaria. California Department of Food and Agriculture.
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