Timeline of Basra

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Basra, Iraq.

Prior to 16th century

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• 638 CE - Military camp established by Utbah ibn Ghazwan per order of Omar ibn al-Khattab.^[1]
• 646 - Abdallah ibn Amer becomes governor.^[2]
• 658 - Battle of the Camel.^[1]
• 664 - Ziyad ibn Abihi becomes governor.^[2]
• 673 - Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad becomes governor.
• 683 - Uprising against Umayyads.^[1]
• 684 - The governor Mas'ud ibn Amr is killed by the asāwira under Māh-Afrīdūn^[3][4]
• 691 - Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in power.
• 701 - Uprising against the Umayyads.^[1]
• 772 - Ramparts built.^[5]
• 820 - Zott conflict.^[6]
• 868 - Zanj Rebellion.^[1]
• 871 - City sacked during Zanj Rebellion.^[1]
• 923 - Qaramitah conflict.^[6]
• 10th century - Public library active.^[7]
• 1052 - Traveller Nasir Khusraw visits city.^[7]
• 1122 - Imad ad-Din Zengi in power.
• 1123 - City wall rebuilt.^[7]
• 1258 - City sacked by Mongols.^[5]
• 1327 - Traveller Ibn Battuta visits city.^[1]
• 1411 - Kara Koyunlu in power.

16th-19th centuries

• 1546 - Ottomans in power.^[1]
• 1547 - Basra Eyalet (administrative region) formed.^[1]
• 1556 - Portuguese attempt to take city.^[1]
• 1596 - Afrasiyab becomes governor.^[6]
• 1604 - Population: 50,000 (approximate); number of houses: 10,000 (approximate).^[8]
• 1645 - English factory in business.^[1]
• 1668 - City was conquered by the Turks.^[9]
• 1694 - Muntafiq tribes in power.^[1]
• 1733 - City becomes part of Baghdad Eyalet (administrative region).^[6]
• 1763 - British East India Company in business.^[1]
• 1773 - Epidemic.^[1]
• 1777 - City besieged by Persian forces led by Sadiq Khan Zand.^[9]
• 1779 - Turks in power.^[10][9]
• 1823 - Population: 55,000 (approximate).^[11]
• 1840 - Turks in power.^[10]
• 1865 - Baghdad-Basra telegraph begins operating.^[12]
• 1884 - Basra Vilayet (administrative region) formed.^[9]

20th century

• 1901 - Consulate of Russia established.^[1]
• 1910 - Cholera and bubonic plague outbreak.^[13]
• 1911
  • Consulate of Germany established.^[1]
  • Cholera epidemic.^[13]
• 1913 - Reform Society of Basra founded.^[14]
• 1914 - Battle of Basra (1914); British in power.
• 1915 - April: Turkish forces attempt to take city.^[1]
• 1919 - Baghdad-Basra Railway in operation.^[1]
• 1920
  • Uprising against British occupation.^[1]
  • Population: 40,000 (approximate).^[13]
• 1947 - Population: 101,535.^[15]
• 1964 - University of Basrah established.^[1]
• 1965 - Population: 310,950.^[16]
• 1967 - Basrah Medical College established.^{[citation needed]}
• 1982 - July: Iranian forces attempt to take city.^[1]
• 1984 - Iranian forces attempt to take city.^[1]
• 1987
  • January–February: Iranian forces attempt to take city.
  • Population: 406,296.^[17]
• 1991
  • 1 March: Uprising against Saddam Hussein.
  • Marsh Arab population in city expands.^[1]
• 1999
  • 25 January: Bombing by United States forces.
  • Uprising.^{[citation needed]}

21st century

• 2003
  • March–April: Battle of Basra (2003); British forces in power.
  • August: Oil strike.^{[citation needed]}
• 2004 - 21 April 2004 Basra bombings.
• 2005 - July: Oil strike.^{[citation needed]}
• 2007
  • June: Al-Ashrah Al-Mubashra mosque bombed.^[18]
  • December: British military occupation ends.^[19]
  • Population: 1,912,533 (estimate).^[20]
• 2008 - Battle of Basra (2008).
• 2011 - 2011 Basra bombings.
• 2012 - 14 January 2012 Basra bombing.^[21]

See also

• Timelines of other cities in Iraq: Baghdad, Mosul

References

Bibliography

in English

Published in 19th century

• James Hingston Tuckey (1815). "Bussora". Maritime Geography and Statistics. London: Black, Parry, and Co.
• Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Bassora", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
• William Milburn; Thomas Thornton (1825). "Bussorah". Oriental Commerce. London: Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen.
• J. R. Wellsted (1840), "(Busrah)", Travels to the City of the Caliphs, along the Shores of the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, London: H. Colburn, OCLC 5395027
• Ainsworth, William Harrison (1846). "Bassora". Ainsworth's Magazine. London.
• Al Hariri of Basra (1850). "The Makamah of the Mosque Beni Haram". Makamat: Or, Rhetorical Anecdotes. Translated by Theodore Preston. London: Oriental Translation Fund.. Also: The Makamah of Basra.
• James Horsburgh (1852). "Persian Gulf: Basra". India Directory: Or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, and the Interjacent Ports of Africa and South America (6th ed.). London: William H. Allen & Co. – via Google Books.
• Edward Balfour, ed. (1871). "Bassorah". Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia (2nd ed.). Madras.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Published in 20th century

• Pedro Teixeira (1902), "(Basora)", Travels of Pedro Teixeira, translated by William F. Sinclair, London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society
• Guy Le Strange (1905). "(Al-Basrah)". Lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107600140.
• Peters, John Punnett (1910). "Basra" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). p. 489.
• Hamdallah Mustawfi (1910). Tarikh-i guzida. Translated by Edward G Browne.. (Includes description of Basra in the 14th century)
• R. Hartmann (1913). "al-Basra". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. ISBN 9004082654.
• "Al Basra". Persian Gulf Pilot. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. 1920.
• A. J. Naji; Y. N. Ali (1981). "The Suqs of Basrah: Commercial Organization and Activity in a Medieval Islamic City". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 24: 298–324. doi:10.1163/156852081X00130.
• Eliezer Tauber (1989). "Sayyid Talib and the Young Turks in Basra". Middle Eastern Studies. 25.
• Khoury (1992). "Iraqi Cities during the Early Ottoman Period: Mosul and Basra". Arab Historical Review for Ottoman Studies.

Published in 21st century

• Thabit A. J. Abdullah (2001), Merchants, Mamluks, and Murder: The Political Economy of Trade in Eighteenth-Century Basra, State University of New York Press, ISBN 9780791448076, 079144807X
• Soli Shahvar (2003). "Tribes and Telegraphs in Lower Iraq: The Muntafiq and the Baghdad-Basrah Telegraph Line of 1863-65". Middle Eastern Studies. 39.
• Rudi Matthee (2006). "Between Arabs, Turks and Iranians: The Town of Basra, 1600-1700". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 69: 53–78. doi:10.1017/s0041977x06000036. S2CID 159935186.
• Josef W. Meri, ed. (2006). "Basra". Medieval Islamic Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
• C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Basra". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 49+.
• Bruce Stanley (2008), "Basrah", in Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (eds.), Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO, p. 72+
• Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009). "Basra". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
• "Basra". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.

in other languages

• Jean Baptiste Tavernier (1676). "Suite de la mesme route depuis Bagdat jusqua Balsara". Les Six Voyages (in French). Paris.
• Jacques Savary des Brûlons (1748). "Bassora". Dictionnaire universel de commerce (in French) (New ed.). Paris: Estienne et fils. hdl:2027/ucm.5317968141.
• Domenico Sestini (1798). "Arrivee et sejour a Bassora". Voyage de Constantinople à Bassora en 1781 (in French). Paris.
• Vital Cuinet (1894). "Bassorah". La Turquie d'Asie (in French). Paris: Leroux.
• Max Freiherr von Oppenheim (1899), "(Basra)", Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf (in German), Berlin: D. Reimer (E. Vohsen), OCLC 13166400
• Leone Caetani (1905), "14 a.H. (al-Basrah etc.)", Annali dell'Islam (in Italian), Milano: Hoepli

External links

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