Ratán

Ratán
Indonesios confeccionando muebles de ratán.
La elasticidad del ratán permite doblarlo luego de una técnica de calentado durante la confección de mobiliarios (es una bentwood[1]​), y pelado en tiras se trenza en la fabricación de asientos, respaldos y cestería.
Debido a su elasticidad las varas de ratán absorben mejor el choque que las de madera por lo que son seleccionadas para la confección de bastones, palos sacudidores de alfombras, palillos de instrumentos de percusión y armas de artes marciales (aquí eskrima).

Ratán, rotén[2]​ o rota[3]​ (del malayo rotan) es el apelativo para unas seiscientas[4]​ especies de palmeras trepadoras de la subfamilia Calamoideae, principalmente del género Calamus (del griego calamos en referencia a que el tallo parece una vara), que comparten el hecho de que son plantas de tallo muy delgado (de unos milímetros a unos 10 cm de diámetro) y espinoso, de hábito semitrepador o apoyante, de esta forma trepa decenas de metros hasta el dosel de las selvas tropicales del Viejo Mundo. Este hábito viene asociado a las características de su tallo, que resiste poco la presión pero es muy elástico. Suelen extraerse casi exclusivamente de la naturaleza, de selvas de árboles ya establecidos que el ratán utiliza como soporte.[5]

Se cosechan cuando el sector leñoso del tallo ya tiene al menos 10 o 20 metros, se utilizan los ejemplares de tallo delgado y los de buen diámetro pelados en tiras para su trenzado en cestería y mobiliarios, en forma similar al mimbre, y los tallos de mayor diámetro enteros, cilíndricos, son los seleccionados para la confección de bastones, palos sacudidores de alfombras, armas de artes marciales y palillos de instrumentos musicales de percusión, debido a su elasticidad que absorbe bien los choques y evita que se rompan tan fácilmente al estrellarse como las varas de madera. También pueden utilizarse como sustituto de la madera o de la caña de bambú, luego de una técnica de calentado pueden moldearse doblándose en lugar de tener que cortarlos, lo cual es parte del estilo de la confección de muchos muebles de ratán. Todos los ratanes están confinados a los trópicos del Viejo Mundo, no hay verdaderos ratanes en el Nuevo Mundo.[4]​ El 90% de las varas de ratán comercial proviene de Indonesia.[5]

Desde los '1970 el ratán silvestre ha declinado debido a la pérdida de su hábitat y la sobrecosecha.[5]

Taxonomía

Todos los ratanes son de la subfamilia Calamoideae. El género más utilizado es Calamus, que es el que tiene las especies de más calidad comercial y también el más representado, principalmente en Asia con una especie muy diversa en África.[4]​ Otros géneros de ratanes son Daemonorops, Ceratolobus, Korthalsia, Plectocomia, Plectocomiopsis, Myrialepis, Calospatha, Pogonotium y Retispatha, principalmente del sudeste de Asia, con outliers hacia el este y hacia el norte.[4]​ 3 son endémicos de África: Laccosperma (syn. Ancistrophyllum), Eremospatha y Oncocalamus.[4]

La distribución de los 13 géneros (Uhl & Dransfield, 1987; Dransfield, 1992):[4]

Género Número de especies Distribución
Calamus L. ca. 370-400 África tropical, India y Sri Lanka, China, sur y este de Fiji, Vanuatu y este de Australia
Calospatha Becc. 1 Endémica de Malasia peninsular
Ceratolobus Bl. 6 Península malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Java
Daemonorops Bl. ca. 115 India y China a la parte más occidental de Nueva Guinea
Eremospatha (Mann & Wendl.) Wendl. 10 África tropical húmeda
Korthalsia Bl. ca. 26 Indo-China y Burma a Nueva Guinea
Laccosperma (Mann & Wendl.) Drude 5 África tropical húmeda
Myrialepis Becc. 1 Indo-China, Tailandia, Burma, Malasia peninsular y Sumatra
Oncocalamus (Wendl.) Wendl. 4 África tropical húmeda
Plectocomia Mart. ca. 16 Himalayas y el sur de China al oeste de Malasia
Plectocomiopsis Becc. ca. 5 Laos, Tailandia, Malasia peninsular, Borneo, Sumatra
Pogonotium J. Dransf. 3 Dos especies endémicas de Borneo, una especie en Malasia peninsular y en Borneo
Retispatha J. Dransf. 1 Endémica de Borneo

En el Nuevo Mundo y en la isla de Madagascar se encuentran 3 grupos de palmeras que poseen representantes de palmeras trepadoras y es usual que se crea erróneamente que son grupos cercanamente relacionados con los ratanes: Chamaedorea (subfamilia Ceroxyloxideae, tribu Hyophorbeae), Desmoncus (subfamilia Arecoideae, tribu Cocoeae), Dypsis scandens (subfamilia Arecoideae, tribu Areceae, que aquí no serán tratados.[4]

Buri es el nombre vernáculo de la palmera Corypha utan cuyos pecíolos cortados en tiras son utilizados en las Filipinas como sustituto del ratán en la construcción de mobiliarios, aquí tampoco será tratada.[1]

Las especies con varas de más calidad comercial (también se comercializan las varas de Desmoncus, que aquí no será tratada):[4]

Especies Distribución Estado de conservación
Calamus caesius Bl. Malasia peninsular, Sumatra, Borneo, Filipinas y Tailandia. Introducida en China y el sur del Pacífico para plantar. Desconocido
Calamus egregius Burr. Endémica de la isla de Hainan, China, pero introducida en el sur de China para cultivo Desconocido
Calamus exilis Griffith Malasia peninsular y Sumatra Not threatened
Calamus javensis Bl. Ampliamente distribuida en el sudeste de Asia Not threatened
Calamus manan Miq. Malasia peninsular y Sumatra Threatened
Calamus merrillii Becc. Filipinas Threatened
Calamus mindorensis Becc. Filipinas Desconocido
Calamus optimus Becc. Borneo y Sumatra. Cultivado en Kalimantan Desconocido
Calamus ornatus Bl. Tailandia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, a las Filipinas Desconocido
Calamus ovoideus Thwaites ex Trimen Oeste de Sri Lanka Threatened
Calamus palustris Griffith Burma, sur de China, a Malasia y las islas Andaman Desconocido
Calamus pogonacanthus Becc. ex Winkler Borneo Desconocido
Calamus scipionum Loureiro Burma, Tailandia, Malasia peninsular, Sumatra, Borneo a Palawan Desconocido
Calamus simplicifolius Wei Endémico de la isla de Hainan, China, pero introducido en el sur de China para cultivo Desconocido
Calamus subinermis (eddl. ex Becc. Sabah, Sarawak, Este de Kalimantan y Palawan Desconocido
Calamus tetradactylus Hance Sur de China. Introducido en Malasia Desconocido
Calamus trachycoleus Becc. Kalimantan sur y central. Introducido en Malasia para cultivo Not threatened
Calamus tumidus Furtado Malasia peninsular y Sumatra Desconocido
Calamus wailong Pei & Chen Sur de China Desconocido
Calamus zollingeri Becc. Sulawesi y las Moluccas Desconocido
Daemonorops jenkinsiana (Hance) Becc. Sur de China Desconocido
Daemonorops robusta Warb. Indonesia, Sulawesi y las Moluccas Desconocido
Daemonorops sabut Becc. Malasia peninsular y Borneo Desconocido
Eremospatha macrocarpa (Mann & Wendl.) Mann & Wendl. África Tropical de Sierra Leone a Angola Not threatened
Eremospatha haullevilleana de Wild. Congo Basin al este de África -
Laccosperma robustum (Burr.) J. Dransf. Camerún a Congo Basin -
Laccosperma secundiflorum (P. Beauv.) Mann & Wendl. África tropical de Sierra Leone a Angola Not threatened

Especies de Calamus utilizadas, y sus usos[6]​:

Especie de Calamus Usos, notas
Calamus acanthospathus Griff. Canes for bridge cables, basketry
Calamus andamanicus Kurz Excellent large-diameter canes harvested for furniture industry; leaves for thatching
Calamus aruensis Becc. Excellent quality medium- to large-diameter canes for furniture
Calamus arugda Becc. Entire canes for handicrafts, furniture, basketry, etc., local and export markets
Calamus axillaris Becc. Small-diameter canes for basketry, fish traps and tying
Calamus bacularis Becc. Canes for walking-sticks
Calamus bicolor Becc. Ornamental use of young plants
Calamus blumei Becc. Canes of good quality but quantities insufficient for commercial use; canes for baskets and mats
Calamus boniensis Becc. ex Heyne Probably sold together with other small-diameter canes
Calamus burckianus Becc. Canes for broom handles
Calamus caesius Bl. Canes for commercial and traditional uses
Calamus castaneus Becc. Leaves for thatch; immature fruits in traditional medicine
Calamus ciliaris Bl. Slender canes for weaving and binding; seedlings used as ornamentals
Calamus conirostris Becc. Canes of poor quality, rarely used; fruit eaten
Calamus convallium J. Dransf. Canes
Calamus cumingianus Becc. Entire canes made into handicrafts, furniture and baskets
Calamus deërratus G. Mann & H. Wendl. Canes for construction and weaving
Calamus densiflorus Becc. Canes for making furniture and baskets
Calamus didymocarpus Warb. ex Becc. Canes inferior but used for local furniture-making
Calamus diepenhorstii Miq. Canes for tying, cordage, basketry, fish traps and noose traps
Calamus dimorphacanthus Becc.var. dimorphacanthus Canes used for baskets, bags, tying, etc. for home industries
Calamus discolor Becc. Young plants as ornamentals; canes for binding or tying
Calamus egregius Burr. Excellent small- to medium-diameter canes for binding and weaving in furniture; new shoots edible
Calamus elmerianus Becc. Canes for furniture, handicrafts and home industries
Calamus erioacanthus Becc. Canes of good quality
Calamus exilis Griff. Canes for binding, weaving, basketry, handicrafts
Calamus flabellatus Becc. Canes for tying, binding and weaving
Calamus gamblei Becc. Canes for furniture
Calamus gibbsianus Becc. Canes for tying and weaving
Calamus gonospermus Becc. Edible fruit
Calamus gracilis Roxb. Canes for handicrafts
Calamus grandifolius Becc. Canes for furniture
Calamus guruba (Buch-Ham) ex Mart. Canes for basketry, chair seats
Calamus halconensis (Becc.) Baja-Lapis var. dimorphacanthus Becc. Canes for chair frames, cables for ferry boats, hauling logs and as rigging on small sailboats; split canes for mats, basketry, fish traps, chair seats
Calamus heteroideus Bl. Canes for cordage
Calamus hispidulus Becc. Canes for weaving
Calamus hookerianus Becc. Canes for furniture, basketry
Calamus huegelianus Mart. Canes for basketry, chair frames, etc
Calamus inermis T. Anders. Canes for police sticks, chair frames
Calamus inops Becc. ex Heyne Actual use of small- to medium-diameter canes not known
Calamus insignis Becc. Split canes for basketry, cordage; spiny leaf-sheaths as food graters
Calamus javensis Bl. Canes for cordage, basketry, noose traps, musical instruments; edible raw cabbage as medicine; spiny leaf-sheaths formerly used to make food graters
Calamus koordersianus Becc. Canes locally for basket frames
Calamus laevigatus Mart. Extensively collected as small-diameter cane, end-uses not documented
Calamus latifolius Roxb. Canes for basketry, walking-sticks, furniture frames; split canes for chair seats
Calamus leiocaulis Becc. ex Heyne Small-diameter canes extensively used to make furniture for local and export markets
Calamus leptospadix Griff. Canes for basketry and chair seats
Calamus leptostachys Becc. ex Heyne Excellent small-diameter canes for furniture and handicrafts for local and export markets
Calamus longisetus Griff. Coarse cane for furniture; leaves for thatch; edible fruit
Calamus longispathus Ridl. Young leaves occasionally as cigarette paper; fruits as medicine
Calamus luridus Becc. Canes split for tying and binding
Calamus manan Miq. Most desirable large-diameter canes for furniture
Calamus manillensis (Mart.) H. Wendl. Edible fruit; canes of inferior quality for tying
Calamus marginatus (Bl.) Mart. Poor quality but durable canes for basket frames and walking-sticks
Calamus mattanensis Becc. Canes occasionally used to make coarse baskets
Calamus megaphyllus Becc. Canes for basketry and tying
Calamus melanorhynchus Becc. Canes for basketry and handicrafts
Calamus merrillii Becc. Entire canes for chair frames, ferry boat cables, hauling logs, sailboat rigging; split canes for basketry, chairs, fish traps, etc
Calamus microcarpus Becc. Canes for basketry
Calamus microsphaerion Becc. Entire canes for basketry
Calamus minahassae Becc. Canes as cordage
Calamus mindorensis Becc. Popular large-diameter canes for furniture; split canes for basketry, cordage
Calamus mitis Becc. Canes for basketry and tying
Calamus moseleyanus Becc. Canes for furniture
Calamus multinervis Becc. Canes for furniture
Calamus muricatus Becc. Cabbage eaten
Calamus myriacanthus Becc. Canes for walking-sticks, cages, basket frames
Calamus nagbettai Fernández & Dey Canes for basketry
Calamus nambariensis Becc. Canes for handicrafts
Calamus optimus Becc. Canes used to make mats, for weaving, to bind furniture and cordage
Calamus ornatus Bl. Major use of canes for furniture; also for walking-sticks, handles for implements and flooring; leaves, cabbage and roots as medicine; fruits occasionally eaten
Calamus ovoideus Thwaites ex Trimen Split canes for basketry; entire canes for furniture frames; split cane cores for crude woven products
Calamus oxleyanus Teysm. & Binnend. ex Miq. Canes for walking-sticks
Calamus palustris Griff. Canes excellent for furniture frames
Calamus pandanosmus Furt. Canes
Calamus paspalanthus Becc. Seedlings as potential ornamental; ripe fruit pickled and young shoot eaten
Calamus pedicellatus Becc. ex Heyne Canes apparently of good quality for furniture
Calamus perakensis Becc. Canes occasionally used for walking-sticks
Calamus peregrinus Furt. Robust canes of good quality for furniture
Calamus pilosellus Becc. Canes of good appearance but probably only for local use
Calamus pogonacanthus Becc. ex H. Winkler Canes of good quality for tying, binding and making coarse mats
Calamus poilanei Conrad Canes for handicrafts
Calamus polystachys Becc. Coarse canes used for broom handles
Calamus pseudorivalis Becc. Canes for furniture
Calamus pseudotenuis Becc. Canes for basketry
Calamus pseudoulur Becc. Canes for basketry, etc.
Calamus ramulosus Becc. Canes for furniture
Calamus reyesianus Becc. Canes of small diameter use for furniture and basketry, local and international
Calamus rhomboideus Bl. Canes possibly used to make baskets and mats
Calamus rhytidomus Becc. Canes used locally for binding
Calamus rotang Linn. Canes for basketry, chair seats
Calamus rudentum Lour. Canes for handicrafts; edible fruit
Calamus ruvidus Becc. Canes used for basketry and tying
Calamus scabridulus Becc. Canes split for tying, thatching and cordage
Calamus scipionum Lour. Canes for making moderate-quality furniture; walking-sticks, umbrella handles, etc.
Calamus sedens J. Dransf. Canes sometimes used to make walking-sticks
Calamus semoi Becc. Excellent quality cane; under cultivation in gardens
Calamus simplex Becc. Canes for basketry
Calamus simplicifolius Wei Good medium-diameter cane for furniture, binding, weaving, basketry, etc; new shoots edible
Calamus siphonospathus Mart. Canes for basketry and tying
Calamus solitarius T. Evans et al. Canes for handicrafts
Calamus spinifolius Becc. Canes for basketry and tying
Calamus subinermis H. Wendl.ex Becc. Canes for furniture frames; cabbage cooked as a vegetable; fruit sometimes eaten
Calamus symphysipus Becc. Canes for furniture
Calamus tenuis Roxb. Canes for basketry; fruits and young shoots eaten
Calamus tetradactylus Hance Small-diameter canes for handicrafts, basketry and furniture
Calamus thwaitesii Becc. Canes for furniture
Calamus tomentosus Becc. Canes for tying and binding
Calamus trachycoleus Becc. Canes used as skin peels for weaving chair seats and back; unsplit for furniture; basketry, mats, fish traps, cordage
Calamus travancoricus Bedd. ex Becc. & Hook Canes for handicrafts and furniture
Calamus trispermus Becc. Canes for furniture
Calamus tumidus Furt. Canes for furniture
Calamus ulur Becc. Split canes for cordage
Calamus unifarius H. Wendl. Canes locally for furniture
Calamus usitatus Becc. Canes for basketry, furniture and handicrafts
Calamus vidalianus Becc. Canes for furniture
Calamus viminalis Willd. Canes locally for basketry and matting
Calamus wailong S.J. Pei & S.Y. Chen Canes for weaving and furniture
Calamus warburgii K. Schum. Canes locally for basket frames
Calamus ollingeri Becc. Canes for furniture frames

(Al menos 3 especies se comercializan para el consumo del "corazón" de la palmera, el "palmito" (la yema apical del tallo y el sector justo debajo de ella que todavía no se ha endurecido): Calamus simplicifolius; Calamus tenuis y Daemonorops jenkinsiana.[1]​)

Los nombres vernáculos de los ratanes que los tienen y sus correspondencias con nombres científicos (la tabla es reordenable, puede haber filas con nombres repetidos en ambas columnas)[1]​:

Nombre vernáculo Género/especie País/región Lengua (L), Área Geográfica (G), Comentarios
Bondot Varias especies Manufacturing "Bondot: Term used in Indonesia for unpeeled small-diameter canes applied to rattan furniture frames."
Cane Varias especies Manufacturing "Cane: Any piece or stem of round rattan, of any diameter; the term may also be used to refer to pieces of bamboo."
Cane webbing Varias especies Manufacturing "Cane webbing: Chair cane that has been machine-woven into a coarse fabric that is used for chair seats and backs."
Chair cane Varias especies Manufacturing "Chair cane: Finely split rattan used to weave chair backs, seats etc."
Core Varias especies Manufacturing "Core: The central part of the rattan cane after the removal of skin, usually marketed as strips of uniform diameter, often called “wicker”.
Green rattans or canes Varias especies Manufacturing "Green rattans or canes: Raw, freshly cut rattans which have not undergone any treatment."
China peel Varias especies Indonesia "China peel: Term used in Indonesia for rattan peel or skin." "Rattan peel: Flat or semicircular material 2-10 mm in width obtained from the peripheral portion of the cane including the skin, normally used for weaving and binding; cf. flat oval core. Also called “rattan skin”."
Hagkal peel Varias especies Philippines "Hagkal peel: Term used in Philippines for rattan peel or skin." "Rattan peel: Flat or semicircular material 2-10 mm in width obtained from the peripheral portion of the cane including the skin, normally used for weaving and binding; cf. flat oval core. Also called “rattan skin”."
Loonty Varias especies Indonesia "Loonty: Term used in Indonesia for small-diameter canes used to weave rattan mats; cf. lampit, tatami."
Natural cane Varias especies Manufacturing "Natural cane: Green or cured rattan in natural form; i.e. with skin."
Peeled cane Varias especies Manufacturing "Peeled cane: Rattan canes in which the skin has been removed."
Rattan peel Varias especies Manufacturing "Rattan peel: Flat or semicircular material 2-10 mm in width obtained from the peripheral portion of the cane including the skin, normally used for weaving and binding; cf. flat oval core. Also called “rattan skin”."
Rattan pole Varias especies Manufacturing "Rattan pole: Round rattan, green or treated, of any convenient length."
Large-diameter rattans Varias especies Indonesia "Large-diameter rattans: A class of unsplit canes 18-40> mm in diameter; cf. small-diameter rattans. In trade the following large-diameter classes may be used: > 40 mm, 35-40 mm, 30-35 mm, 25-30 mm, 20-25 mm and 18-20 mm."
Small-diameter rattans Varias especies Indonesia "Small-diameter rattans. A class of unsplit canes below 18 mm in diameter; cf.large-diameter canes. In trade the following small-diameter classes may be used: 2-6 mm; >6-11 mm and >11-17 mm."
Water sega Varias especies Indonesia "Water sega: Term used in Indonesia for small-diameter canes to weave rattan mats; of lesser quality than loonty, q.v."
Zambales peel Varias especies Philippines "Zambales peel: Term used in Philippines for rattan peel or skin."
Ayer Varias especies Trade "Ayer (Malay): One of four main groups of cane in trade, according to Burkill (1966); this group includes non-siliceous canes not included elsewhere; cf. lunti, sega, sticks."
Bet Varias especies India "Bet (Hindi): A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber."
Lunti Varias especies Trade "Lunti (Malay): One of four main groups of cane in trade, according to Burkill (1966); this group includes the same kinds as sega (q.v.) except that the silica layer has been removed; cf. ayer, sticks. "
Sticks Varias especies Indonesia "Sticks. Term referring to larger-diameter rattans collected and sold as straight lengths in Indonesia."
Sticks Varias especies Trade "Sticks. One of four main groups of cane in trade, according to Burkill (1966); this group includes canes which are straight and stiff and suitable for walking sticks and furniture frames; cf. ayer, lunti, sega."
Abuan Calamus diepenhorstii Philippines notes
Ain Korthalsia ferox Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Air Calamus erinaceus Malaysia notes
Air Daemonorops angustifolia Malaysia notes
Air Daemonorops fissa Borneo notes
Ambalua Plectocomiopsis geminiflora Malaysia Kedazan (L), Sabah (G)
Apas Calamus reyesianus Philippines notes
Arichural Calamus travancoricus India Malayalam (L), Kerala (G)
Arorog Calamus javensis Philippines notes
Arugda Calamus arugda Philippines Ibanag (L)
Arurug Calamus javensis Philippines Palawan (G)
Babuyan Calamus usitatus Philippines Sambal (L)
Baiteng Calamus tetradactylus China notes
Bala mata Daemonorops fissa Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Balala Calamus multinervis Philippines notes
Banakbo Calamus megaphyllus Philippines Manobo (L)
Bara bet Calamus viminalis Bangladesh Chittagong (G) "Bet (Hindi): A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber."
Batang merah Daemonorops robusta Indonesia Central Sulawesi (G)
Bayabong Calamus manillensis Philippines Manobo (L)
Be'ang Korthalsia echinometra Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Bioengan Daemonorops sabut Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)
Borangan Calamus ornatus Philippines Mindanao (G)
Boro bet Calamus viminalis India "Bet (Hindi): A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber."
Botet Korthalsia furtadoan Borneo Samarinda trade
Botet Korthalsia rostrata Borneo Samarinda trade
Boyukng Calamus optimus Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)
Butarak Calamus vidalianus Philippines Ilokano (L)
Cekolo Myrialepis paradoxa Indonesia Sumatra (G)
Charab Calamus andamanicus India Andaman Islands (G)
China bet Calamus pseudorivalis India Nicobar Islands (G) "Bet (Hindi): A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber."
Chowdah Calamus andamanicus India Andaman Islands (G)
Coo cemee Calamus blumei Malaysia notes
Coon cemees Calamus blumei Malaysia notes
Coonk stook Calamus javensis Malaysia Perak (G)
Da-teng Calamus wailong China notes
Dagdag Calamus siphonospathus Philippines Ilokano (L)
Dalimban Calamus melanorhynchus Philippines Bagobo (L)
Danan Korthalsia ferox Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)
Danye shengteng Calamus simplicifolius China Hainan Island (G)
Dara panda Calamus scabridulus Indonesia notes
Datu Calamus minahassae Indonesia Sulawesi (G)
Demenai Calamus gonospermus Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Demere Calamus deërratus Ghana Twi (L) and trade name "Demere (Twi). Trade name for Calamus deërratus canes in Ghana."
Dhangri bet Calamus leptospadix India "Bet (Hindi): A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber."
Ditaan Daemonorops ochrolepis Philippines notes
Douung-douung Daemonorops micracantha Malaysia Pahang (G)
Duanye shengteng Calamus egregius China notes
Golak bet Daemonorops jenkinsiana India "Bet (Hindi): A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber."
Gonot pipit Daemonorops fissa Malaysia notes
Hamlis Calamus discolor Philippines notes
Hanapas Calamus usitatus Philippines Bikol (L)
Hoe cacing Calamus ciliaris Indonesia Sundanese (L)
Hongteng Daemonorops jenkinsiana China notes
Howe belukbuk Calamus burckianus Indonesia Western Java (G)
Howe cacing Calamus heteroideus Indonesia Western Java (G)
Howe cacing Calamus javensis Indonesia Western Java (G)
Howe gelang Calamus polystachys Indonesia Western Java (G)
Howe seel Daemonorops melanochaetes Indonesia Western Java (G)
Huangteng Daemonorops jenkinsiana China notes
Huwi pantis Calamus luridus Indonesia Sumatra (G)
Ilem Calamus pilosellus Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Inai Ceratolobus subangulatus Borneo Bentian Dayak (L)
Jaoei Calamus tomentosus Borneo Kenya Dayak (L)
Jarmasi Calamus leiocaulis Indonesia Sulawesi (G)
Jati bet Calamus tenuis India "Bet (Hindi): A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber."
Jehab Calamus trachycoleus Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L), Samarinda trade
Jelayan Calamus ornatus Borneo notes
Jepung Daemonorops crinita Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L), Samarinda trade
Jungan Daemonorops sabut Indonesia East Kalimantan (G)
Kalapit Calamus microcarpus Philippines Bikol (L)
Keb Korthalsia cheb Malaysia notes
Keerah Calamus densiflorus Tailandia notes
Kehes Calamus pandanosmus Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L), Samarinda trade
Kehes Calamus rhytidomus Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L), Samarinda trade
Kehes murah Calamus pilosellus Borneo Samarinda trade
Keplar Daemonorops ingens Malaysia notes
Kesoleg Calamus ornatus Borneo Bentian Dayak (L)
Kodi Eremospatha macrocarpa DR Congo Luba (L)
Kokop Calamus bacularis Malaysia Penan (L), Sarawak (G)
Korak bet Calamus latifolius India "Bet (Hindi): A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber."
Kulakling Calamus microsphaerion Philippines notes
Kumaboy Calamus discolor Philippines Tagalog (L)
Kurakling Calamus spinifolius Philippines Pampanga (L), Tagalog (L)
Labit Calamus microsphaerion Philippines Tagalog (L)
Lalun Korthalsia furtadoana Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)
Lalun djengan Korthalsia rostrata Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)
Lambutan Calamus halconensis var. dimorphacanthus Philippines Tagalog (L)
Lambutan Calamus microcarpus Philippines Tagalog (L)
Lapa Daemonorops lamprolepis Indonesia notes
Laru Calamus symphysipus Indonesia Central Sulawesi (G)
Lasas Korthalsia robusta Malaysia notes
Lasi Calamus bicolor Philippines notes
Latea Daemonorops lamprolepis Indonesia Southern Sulawesi (G)
Lauro sura Calamus didymocarpus Indonesia Southern Sulawesi (G)
Lembulu Calamus hispidulus Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Leme Calamus longisetus Myanmar notes
Lempinit landang Daemonorops micracantha Malaysia Sandakan (G)
Lempinit pahetan Daemonorops elongata Malaysia notes
Lempinit tingkau Calamus paspalanthus Malaysia notes
Lempinit ular-ular Calamus javensis Malaysia Sabah (G)
Leutik Calamus caesius Sarawak notes
Limuran Calamus ornatus Philippines Luzon (G)
Lintokan Calamus manillensis Philippines Bagobo (L)
Liteng Calamus egregius China Hainan Island (G)
Litoko Calamus manillensis Philippines Ifugao (L)
Lukuan Calamus reyesianus Philippines notes
Lumpit Daemonorops calicarpa Malaysia notes
Ma wewel Calamus ovoideus Sri Lanka Sinhala (L)
Mai lepe Calamus conirostris Malaysia notes
Makak Laccosperma secundiflorum West Africa Trade name. "Makak. Trade name for Laccosperma secundiflorum & L. robustum canes in West Africa."
Manau riang Calamus oxleyanus Indonesia Palembang (G)
Manau tikus Calamus manan Malaysia Small diameter only; see: rotan manau tikus
Mangkawayan Calamus subinermis Borneo Kadazan/Dusun (L)
Mantang Calamus ornatus Malaysia notes
Mantang Plectocomia elongata Malaysia notes
Matakito Calamus leptostachys Indonesia Buton (G)
Matkong Calamus mitis Philippines Ilokano (L)
Me'a Korthalsia echinometra Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)
Moa Plectocomiopsis geminiflora Malaysia Bidayuh (L), Sarawak (G)
Nag betta Calamus nagbettai India Karnataka (G) "Bet (Hindi): A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber."
Nat Calamus andamanicus India Nicobars (G)
Ngenau Calamus manan Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)
Nguay Calamus peregrinus Tailandia notes
Nkan Laccosperma robustum Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Fang (L)
Nkan Laccosperma secundiflorum Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Fang (L)
Nlong Eremospatha macrocarpa Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Bulu (L), Fang (L)
Nue waatang Calamus didymocarpus Indonesia notes
Padao Calamus viminalis Camboya notes
Pakoe Calamus pilosellus Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)
Palaklakanin sumulid Daemonorops ochrolepis Philippines Tagalog (L)
Palanog Calamus symphysipus Philippines Luzon (G)
Palasan Calamus merrillii Philippines Biko (L), Marobo (L), Tagalog (L) "Palasan (Tagalog): Philippine trade name group that includes true palasan (Calamus merrillii) and other canes with a diameter over 2.5 cm and internodes of 25 cm or more; cf. panlis, sika and tumalin."
Palem paris Calamus ciliaris Indonesia Horticulture
Palimanok Calamus siphonospathus Philippines Pampanga (L)
Panlis Calamus ramulosus Philippines Tagalog (L) "Panlis (Tagalog): Philippine trade name group for canes with a diameter of less than 1.5 cm, but which are rather light in colour and therefore not included in the sika group, q.v.; cf. palasan and tumalin."
Pannichural Calamus thwaitesii India Malayalam (L)
Parasan Calamus merrillii Philippines Bisaya (L)
Pelus Calamus javensis Borneo Bentian Dayak (L)
Pelus belang Ceratolobus subangulatus Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)
Pelus djengan Ceratolobus subangulatus Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)
Pelus lintung Calamus flabellatus Borneo Bentian Dayak (L)
Pelus mingay Calamus javensis Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)
Pelus susu Calamus javensis Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)
Pelus tulukn Ceratolobus concolor Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)
Penjalin cacing Calamus viminalis Indonesia Bali (G)
Perambu Calamus rotang India notes
Pitpit Daemonorops curranii Philippines notes
Pondos alus Calamus minahassae Indonesia Northern Sulawesi (G)
Pondos batang Calamus zollingeri Indonesia Sulawesi (G)
Pondos embel Calamus symphysipus Indonesia Northern Sulawesi (G)
Pulut merah Ceratolobus concolor Borneo Samarinda trade
Pulut merah Ceratolobus subangulatus Borneo Samarinda trade
Pulut merah Daemonorops crinita Borneo Samarinda trade
Pulut putih Calamus flabellatus Borneo Samarinda trade
Pulut putih Calamus javensis Borneo Samarinda trade
Rasi Calamus bicolor Philippines notes
Red rattan Daemonorops jenkinsiana China notes
Rimoran Calamus ornatus Philippines Palawan (G)
Rong Calamus inermis India notes
Ronti Calamus leptostachys Indonesia notes
Rotan air Calamus blumei Borneo Samarinda trade. "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan air Calamus tomentosus Borneo Samarinda trade. "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan air Calamus zollingeri Indonesia Moluccas (G), Seram (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan asas Korthalsia robusta Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan bacap Daemonorops leptopus Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan bakul Daemonorops micracantha Malaysia Negri Sembilan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan bangkorn Daemonorops elongata Malaysia Sandakan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan batang Calamus zollingeri Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Batang Calamus zollingeri Indonesia notes
Batu Calamus convallium Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L) Except Sulawesi (G)
Batu Calamus diepenhorstii Indonesia Kenyah Dayak (L) Except Sulawesi (G)
Batu Calamus flabellatus Malaysia Kenyah Dayak (L) Except Sulawesi (G)
Batu Calamus insignis Malaysia Kenyah Dayak (L) Except Sulawesi (G)
Batu Calamus subinermis Malaysia Kenyah Dayak (L) Except Sulawesi (G)
Rotan batu Calamus convallium Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L) Except Sulawesi (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan batu Calamus diepenhorstii Indonesia Kenyah Dayak (L) Except Sulawesi (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan batu Calamus flabellatus Malaysia Kenyah Dayak (L) Except Sulawesi (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan batu Calamus insignis Malaysia Kenyah Dayak (L) Except Sulawesi (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan batu Calamus subinermis Malaysia Kenyah Dayak (L) Except Sulawesi (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan bejungan Daemonorops fissa Indonesia Central Kalimantan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan belubu Daemonorops periacantha Malaysia Sabah (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan bembangin Calamus marginatus Malaysia Sandakan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan berman Calamus flabellatus Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan besi Calamus marginatus Indonesia Palembang (L). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan boga Calamus koordersianus Indonesia Central Sulawesi (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan buku dalam Calamus ornatus Indonesia Northern Sulawesi (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan buku hitam Calamus palustris Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan bulu Calamus hispidulus Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan bulu rusa Daemonorops robusta Indonesia Western Seram (G), Ambon (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan cacing Calamus heteroideus Indonesia Western Java (G) Wrongly applied Sumatra (G), Java (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan cacing Calamus javensis Philippines Western Java (G) Wrongly applied Sumatra (G), Java (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan cacing Calamus unifarius IndonesiaP Western Java (G) Wrongly applied Sumatra (G), Java (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan cacing Calamus viminalis Indonesia Western Java (G) Wrongly applied Sumatra (G), Java (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan cucor Calamus castaneus Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan dago kancil Calamus conirostris Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan dahan Korthalsia echinometra Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan dahan Korthalsia flagellaris Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan dahan Korthalsia laciniosa Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan dahan Korthalsia rigida Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Dahan Korthalsia echinometra Malaysia notes
Dahan Korthalsia flagellaris Malaysia notes
Dahan Korthalsia laciniosa Malaysia notes
Dahan Korthalsia rigida Malaysia notes
Rotan dalem buku Calamus conirostris Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan damp Daemonorops fissa Malaysia Sandakan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan demuk Calospatha scortechinii Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan dok Calamus ornatus Malaysia Selangor (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Dok Calamus ornatus Malaysia Selangor (G)
Rotan dudok Calamus perakensis Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan dudok Calamus sedens Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan getah Daemonorops angustifolia Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan getah Daemonorops melanochaetes Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan gunung Calamus exilis Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan irit Calamus trachycoleus Indonesia Kalimantan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Irit Calamus trachycoleus Indonesia Kalimantan (G)
Rotan jergang Daemonorops draco Indonesia Sumatra (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan jermasi Calamus leiocaulis Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan jernang Daemonorops draco Indonesia Sumatra (G) Peninsular Malaysia (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan jernang Daemonorops micracantha Malaysia Sumatra (G) Peninsular Malaysia (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan jernang Daemonorops propinqua Malaysia Sumatra (G) Peninsular Malaysia (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan kerai Calamus conirostris Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan kerai Calamus luridus Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan kerai Calamus scabridulus Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan kerai gunung Calamus simplex Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan kerai hitam Calamus diepenhorstii Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan kertong Myrialepis paradoxa Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan kesup Calamus ornatus Indonesia Bengkulu (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan kikir Calamus scabridulus Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan koman Calamus diepenhorstii Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan kotok Daemonorops fissa Indonesia East Kalimantan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Kotok Daemonorops fissa Indonesia East Kalimantan (G)
Rotan kunyung Calamus longispathus Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan lambang Calamus ornatus Indonesia Central Sulawesi (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan legi Daemonorops melanochaetes Indonesia Eastern Java (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan lelo Daemonorops melanochaetes Indonesia Sumatra (G), Bengkulu (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan liah Calamus laevigatus Brunéi . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan lilin Calamus exilis Malaysia Southern Kalimantan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan lilin Calamus flabellatus Indonesia Southern Kalimantan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan lilin Calamus javensis Indonesia Southern Kalimantan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan lintang Calamus pilosellus Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan manau Calamus manan General throughout the region and trade "Rotan manau (Malay). Trade name for Calamus manan canes in Southeast Asia." . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Manau Calamus manan General throughout the region and trade "Rotan manau (Malay). Trade name for Calamus manan canes in Southeast Asia."
Rotan manau buku hitam Calamus tumidus Malaysia Northern Peninsular Malaysia (G) . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan manau padi Calamus marginatus Indonesia Bangka (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan manau telur Calamus manan Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan manau tikus Calamus tumidus Malaysia Indonesia Peninsular Malaysia (G), Sumatra (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan maran Calamus mattanensis Indonesia Kalimantan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan meiya Korthalsia echinometra Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan melukut Calamus muricatus Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan merah Korthalsia cheb Borneo Samarinda trade. "Rotan merah (Malay). Trade name for Korthalsia spp. canes in Southeast Asia.". "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan merah Korthalsia echinometra Borneo Samarinda trade. "Rotan merah (Malay). Trade name for Korthalsia spp. canes in Southeast Asia.". "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan merah Korthalsia ferox Borneo Samarinda trade. "Rotan merah (Malay). Trade name for Korthalsia spp. canes in Southeast Asia.". "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan merah Korthalsia flagellaris Borneo Samarinda trade. "Rotan merah (Malay). Trade name for Korthalsia spp. canes in Southeast Asia.". "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan merah Korthalsia rigida Borneo Samarinda trade. "Rotan merah (Malay). Trade name for Korthalsia spp. canes in Southeast Asia.". "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan minyak Calamus oxleyanus Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan minyak Daemonorops angustifolia Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan murah Calamus pogonocanthus Borneo Samarinda trade. "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan murah Daemonorops sabut Borneo Samarinda trade. "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan ombol Calamus symphysipus Indonesia Sulawesi (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan opot Calamus javensis Indonesia Sumatra (G), Bengkulu (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan pahit Calamus densiflorus Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan paku Calamus exilis Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan pasir Calamus palustris Malaysia Perak (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan patani Calamus minahassae Indonesia Central Sulawesi (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan patis Calamus unifarius Indonesia Western Java (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan pehekan Calamus marginatus Indonesia Southern Kalimantan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan pipit Daemonorops elongata Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan pitik Daemonorops oblonga Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan poprok Daemonorops oblonga Indonesia Eastern Java (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan putih Calamus diepenhorstii Indonesia Malaysia Sabah (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan rilang Plectocomiopsis geminiflora Malaysia Malay (L). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan riman Calamus blumei Malaysia Sabah (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan rua Plectocomiopsis geminiflora Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sabong Calamus polystachys Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sabung Calamus polystachys Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sabut Calamus conirostris Malaysia Temuan (L). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sabut Daemonorops sabut Malaysia Temuan (L). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sakat Calamus muricatus Indonesia Kalimantan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sega Calamus caesius Indonesia General throughout region and in trade "Sega. One of four main groups of cane in trade, according to Burkill (1966); this group includes all canes with a siliceous outer layer that cracks and springs off when the cane is bent; cf. ayer, lunti, sticks." "Rotan sega (Malay). Trade name for Calamus caesius canes in Southeast Asia.". "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sega (in error) Calamus rhytidomus Indonesia Nunukan, East Kalimantan (G) "Sega. One of four main groups of cane in trade, according to Burkill (1966); this group includes all canes with a siliceous outer layer that cracks and springs off when the cane is bent; cf. ayer, lunti, sticks." "Rotan sega (Malay). Trade name for Calamus caesius canes in Southeast Asia.". "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Sega Calamus caesius Indonesia General throughout region and in trade "Sega. One of four main groups of cane in trade, according to Burkill (1966); this group includes all canes with a siliceous outer layer that cracks and springs off when the cane is bent; cf. ayer, lunti, sticks." "Rotan sega (Malay). Trade name for Calamus caesius canes in Southeast Asia."
Sega (in error) Calamus rhytidomus Indonesia Nunukan, East Kalimantan (G) "Sega. One of four main groups of cane in trade, according to Burkill (1966); this group includes all canes with a siliceous outer layer that cracks and springs off when the cane is bent; cf. ayer, lunti, sticks." "Rotan sega (Malay). Trade name for Calamus caesius canes in Southeast Asia."
Rotan sega air Calamus axillaris Indonesia Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sega batu Calamus diepenhorstii Indonesia Except Sulawesi (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sega beruang Calamus palustris Malaysia Pahang (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sego Calamus caesius Indonesia Sumatra (G)Bengkulu (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sego Calamus optimus Indonesia Sumatra (G)Bengkulu (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Semambu Calamus scipionum General throughout region and in trade "Rotan semambu (Malay): Trade name for Calamus scipionum canes in Southeast Asia."
Rotan semambu Calamus scipionum General throughout region and in trade "Rotan semambu (Malay): Trade name for Calamus scipionum canes in Southeast Asia.". "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan semampun Calamus laevigatus Malaysia "Name also used for C. praetermissus J. Dransf".. "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan semampun Calamus praetermissus J. Dransf. Malaysia? (Name also used for C. laevigatus). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan semut Korthalsia rostrata Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sendang Daemonorops grandis Singapur . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sepet Daemonorops hystrix Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sirikis Calamus paspalanthus Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan sotong Plectocomiopsis geminiflora Indonesia Sumatra (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan susu Daemonorops robusta Indonesia Northern Sulawesi (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan tahi ayam Calamus tomentosus Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan tahi landak Daemonorops hystrix Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan taman Calamus caesius Indonesia Southern and central Kalimantan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan taman Calamus optimus Indonesia Central Kalimantan (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Taman Calamus caesius Indonesia Southern and central Kalimantan (G)
Taman Calamus optimus Indonesia Central Kalimantan (G)
Rotan teling Calamus palustris Malaysia Kedah/Perlis (L). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan tohiti Calamus inops Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan tohiti Calamus subinermis Indonesia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Tohiti Calamus inops Indonesia notes
Tohiti Calamus subinermis Indonesia notes
Rotan tukas Calamus blumei Malaysia Perak (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan tukas Calamus tomentosus Malaysia Perak (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan tunggal Calamus laevigatus Malaysiaa Selangor (G) Malay (L). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan tunggal Calamus occidentalis Java Selangor (G) Malay (L). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan tunggal Calamus subinermis Malaysia Selangor (G) Malay (L). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan tunggal Daemonorops didymophylla Indonesia Selangor (G) Malay (L). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan udang Korthalsia rostrata Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan wi jerenang Daemonorops micracantha Malaysia . "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan wuluh Calamus unifarius Indonesia Eastern Java (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rotan yuk Calamus muricatus Malaysia Sabah (G). "Rattan (english): From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick."
Rote batu Calamus javensis Tailandia notes
Runti Calamus leptostachys Indonesia Sulawesi (G)
Sababai Calamus elmerianus Philippines Manobo (L)
Saba-ong Calamus grandifolius Philippines Tagalog (L)
Samanid Calamus elmerianus Philippines Bagobo (L)
Sambonotan Calamus bicolor Philippines Bagobo (L)
Samole Calamus pedicellatus Indonesia Bugis (G)
Samulid Calamus reyesianus Philippines Tagalog (L)
Sanam Korthalsia cheb Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Sanka beth Daemonorops kurzianus India Andaman Islands (G) "Bet (Hindi): A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber."
Saput Calamus laevigatus Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Sarani Calamus moseleyanus Philippines Bagobo (L)
Saranoi Daemonorops curranii Philippines Tagbanva (L)
Savit asaq Daemonorops sparsiflora Malaysia Penan (L), Sarawak (G)
Savit payah Daemonorops longispatha Malaysia Penan (L), Sarawak (G)
Sega batu Calamus marginatus Borneo Samarinda trade
Sek batang Calamus ornatus Malaysia Pahang (G)
Seka Calamus caesius Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Sekei udang Daemonorops melanochaetes Indonesia Riau (G)
Selutup Calamus optimus Borneo Samarinda trade
Semoleh membatong Calamus pogonocanthus Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Semoleh timaitong Calamus pogonocanthus Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Seringan Daemonorops sabut Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Si'it Calamus marginatus Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)
Si'it batu Calamus marginatus Borneo Bentian Dayak (L)
Sika Calamus caesius Philippines "Sika. Philippine trade name group that includes Palawan sika (Calamus caesius) and other rattan species that are glossy, flexible, bright yellow when dry and less than 1.5 cm in diameter; cf. palasan, panlis and tumalin."
Sika-sika Calamus microsphaerion Philippines notes
Silau-silau Calamus gibbsianus Malaysia Sabah (G)
Sintang Daemonorops hystrix Indonesia Palembang (L)
Sokag Calamus caesius Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)
Sudu wewel Calamus ovoideus Sri Lanka Sinhala (L)
Suko Calamus optimus Indonesia South Kalimantan (G)
Sundi bet Calamus guruba India "Bet (Hindi): A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber."
Takathong Calamus caesius Tailandia Rangea District, Narathiva Province (G)
Talola Calamus siphonospathus Philippines Tagalog (L)
Tandulang-glubat Calamus microcarpus Philippines Tagalog (L)
Tandulang-parang Calamus usitatus Philippines Tagalog (L)
Tebdas Calamus mitis Philippines Ivatan (L)
Tebungan Calamus ornatus Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Tehri bet Plectocomia himalayana India "Bet (Hindi): A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber."
Teland Calamus leptostachys Indonesia South Sulawesi (G)
Teretes Daemonorops rubra Indonesia Western Java (G)
Thuda rena Calamus ovoideus Sri Lanka Sinhala (L)
Timai Calamus javensis Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Timai Ceratolobus concolor Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)
Toan pekat Daemonorops sabut Malaysia Sabah (G)
Tohiti siombo Calamus didymocarpus Indonesia Central Sulawesi (G)
Tomani Calamus boniensis Indonesia Southern Sulawesi (G)
Tumalim Calamus mindorensis Philippines Tagalog (L) "Tumalim o tumalin. Grupo de mercado filipino que incluye al tumalin verdadero (Calamus mindorensis) y otras especies de ratán con un diámetro de 1,5-2,5 cm, cf. palasan, panlis y sika."
Tumaram Calamus mindorensis Philippines Bikol (L)
Tuwu Calamus scipionum Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)
Ubanon Calamus discolor Philippines Cebu Bisaya (L)
Ubli Calamus multinervis Philippines Ilokano (L)
Udat Daemonorops didymophylla Malaysia Penan (L), Sarawak (G)
Udom bet Calamus longisetus Bangladesh Cox's Bazar (G) "Bet (Hindi): A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber."
Ue puti Calamus albus Indonesia notes
Uwai belalong Retispatha dumetosa Brunéi notes
Uwai kiton Calamus ornatus Brunéi notes
Uwai lambat Daemonorops periacantha Brunéi notes
Uwai pagit Calamus marginatus Brunéi notes
Uwai pegit Calamus conirostris Brunéi notes
Uwai peladas Calamus javensis Brunéi notes
Uwai podos Calamus javensis Brunéi notes
Uwai taut Calamus axillaris Brunéi notes
Uwai taut Calamus pogonacanthus Brunéi notes
Uwai telong Calamus optimus Malaysia notes
Uwau paya Calamus marginatus Malaysia Sarawak (G)
Uwe ahun tain Calamus albus Indonesia Ambon (G)
Uwe rence Calamus minahassae Indonesia Southern Sulawesi (G)
Uwe sangkayu-kayu Calamus symphysipus Indonesia Southern Sulawesi (G)
Uwi hurang Korthalsia echinometra Indonesia notes
Uwi jernang kecil Daemonorops didymophylla Indonesia Palembang (G)
Uwi kalang Daemonorops hystrix Indonesia notes
Uwi pahe Calamus exilis Indonesia Palembang (G)
Velichural Calamus hookerianus India Malayalam (L)
Waai chaang Calamus ornatus Tailandia Pattani (G)
Waai khring Calamus palustris Tailandia Trang (G)
Waai kung Myrialepis paradoxa Tailandia Trang (G)
Waai maithao Calamus scipionum Tailandia Peninsular Malaysia (G)
Waai phon khon non Daemonorops sabut Tailandia notes
Wae dangah Daemonorops hystrix Malaysia Penan (L), Sarawak (G)
Wae saput Calamus laevigatus' Malaysia Sabah (G)
Wae sawit usen Calamus muricatus Malaysia Penan (L), Sarawak (G)
Wai boun Calamus rudentum Lao PDR notes
Wai-chak Daemonorops grandis Tailandia notes
Wai-chakkao Calamus castaneus Tailandia notes
Wai-dam Calamus oxleyanus Tailandia notes
Wai-hin Calamus insignis Tailandia notes
Wain hom Calamus acanthospathus Lao PDR notes
Wain hom Calamus gracilis Lao PDR notes
Wai kaepung Calamus blumei Tailandia Surattani (G)
Wai-kamphuan Calamus longisetus Tailandia notes
Wai-khao Calamus castaneus Tailandia notes
Wai-khipet Daemonorops didymophylla Tailandia notes
Wai-khom Calamus diepenhorstii Tailandia notes
Wai-khom Calamus siamensis Lao PDR notes
Wai kuan Calamus javensis Tailandia Pattani (G)
Wai-kungnampharai Plectocomiopsis geminiflora Tailandia notes
Wai kunun Calamus blumei Tailandia Trang (G)
Wai lau cincin Calamus polystachys Indonesia Sumatra (G)
Wai mon Calamus viminalis Tailandia notes
Wai-nam Daemonorops angustifolia Tailandia notes
Wai namleuang Calamus platycanthus Lao PDR notes
Wai nwn Calamus nambariensis Lao PDR notes
Wai sam bai taw Calamus viminalis Tailandia notes
Wai sideken Calamus unifarius Indonesia Western Sumatra (G)
Wai som Calamus viminalis Tailandia notes
Wai-somm Daemonorops jenkinsiana Tailandia notes
Wai ta kha thong Calamus caesius Tailandia notes
Wai tek Calamus javensis Tailandia Southern Tailandia (G)
Wai thoon Calamus poilanei Lao PDR notes
Wai thork Calamus solitarius Lao PDR notes
Wai wan Calamus rhabdocladus Lao PDR notes
Wailong Calamus wailong China notes
We maliang Calamus ornatus Malaysia Sarawak (G)
Wee jematang tengan Korthalsia cheb Malaysia notes
Wee ligur Calamus conirostris Malaysia Kayan (L)
Wee lumbak Calamus ruvidus Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wei dangh Calamus myriacanthus Malaysia Penan (L), Sarawak (G)
Wei saput Calamus mattanensis Malaysia Penan (L), Sarawak (G)
White rattan Calamus tetradactylus China notes
Wi anak Calamus javensis Brunéi notes
Wi anak Calamus laevigatus Brunéi notes
Wi babut Calamus bacularis Malaysia Bidayuh (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi batu Calamus diepenhorstii Malaysia Iban (L)
Wi belubu Daemonorops longispatha Brunéi notes
Wi buluh Calamus erioacanthus Malaysia Sarawak (G)
Wi danum Calamus conirostris Brunéi notes
Wi darum Daemonorops didymophylla Brunéi Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi darum Daemonorops ingens Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi dudok Calamus myriacanthus Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi dudok Daemonorops ruptilis Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi duduk Daemonorops hystrix Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi embalua Plectocomiopsis geminiflora Brunéi notes
Wi empunoh Daemonorops periacantha Malaysia notes
Wi empunok Daemonorops periacantha Brunéi Malaysia Sarawak (G)
Wi empunok ruai Daemonorops scapigera Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi gemaing Calamus axillaris Brunéi notes
Wi jerenang Daemonorops didymophylla Brunéi notes
Wi labu Calamus pilosellus Brunéi notes
Wi laleh Plectocomiopsis geminiflora Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi lantak patong Calamus mattanensis Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi lemaing Calamus axillaris Brunéi notes
Wi lepoh Daemonorops sabut Brunéi Malaysia Sarawak (G)
Wi lohong Calamus paspalanthus Malaysia Sarawak (G)
Wi matahari Calamus marginatus Brunéi notes
Wi natahari Calamus marginatus Malaysia notes
Wi ondo Daemonorops draco Malaysia Sarawak (G)
Wi pale Calamus pogonacanthus Malaysia Kayan (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi peladas Calamus javensis Brunéi notes
Wi ruah air Daemonorops sparsiflora Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi ruak ai Daemonorops fissa Malaysia Sarawak (G)
Wi sego Calamus optimus Brunéi Malaysia Sarawak (G)
Wi semoi Calamus semoi Malaysia Sarawak (G)
Wi seruing Daemonorops ingens Malaysia Kayan (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi singkau Calamus paspalanthus Brunéi Malaysia notes
Wi sugi Calamus laevigatus Malaysia Sarawak (G)
Wi takong Calamus flabellatus Brunéi Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi tapah Calamus pseudoulur Malaysia Sarawak (G)
Wi tautuk Calamus flabellatus Malaysia Bidayuh (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi tedong Calamus marginatus Malaysia notes
Wi tibu Daemonorops longispatha Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi tulang Calamus bacularis Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi tulang Calamus myriacanthus Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi tunggal Calamus muricatus Brunéi notes
Wi tunjung Calamus muricatus Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi tut Calamus pogonacanthus Brunéi Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Wi tut Calamus semoi Brunéi Malaysia Iban (L), Sarawak (G)
Yellow rattan Daemonorops jenkinsiana China notes
Lawyer cane Calamus australis Australia "Lawyer cane. A variable common name applied to four different species of Calamus in Australia: C. australis, lawyer cane; C. caryotoides, fishtail lawyer cane; C. moti, yellow lawyer cane; and C. muelleri, southern lawyer cane."
Fishtail lawyer cane Calamus caryotoides Australia "Lawyer cane. A variable common name applied to four different species of Calamus in Australia: C. australis, lawyer cane; C. caryotoides, fishtail lawyer cane; C. moti, yellow lawyer cane; and C. muelleri, southern lawyer cane."
Yellow lawyer cane Calamus moti Australia "Lawyer cane. A variable common name applied to four different species of Calamus in Australia: C. australis, lawyer cane; C. caryotoides, fishtail lawyer cane; C. moti, yellow lawyer cane; and C. muelleri, southern lawyer cane."
Southern lawyer cane Calamus muelleri Australia "Lawyer cane. A variable common name applied to four different species of Calamus in Australia: C. australis, lawyer cane; C. caryotoides, fishtail lawyer cane; C. moti, yellow lawyer cane; and C. muelleri, southern lawyer cane."

Descripción

Los tallos de los ratanes (aquí Myrialepis paradoxa) están armados de espinas que provienen de las vainas persistentes. A medida que la planta crece, cuando sobrepasa los 20 m según la especie, el tallo se vuelve leñoso (endurecido) y más seco, las hojas caen (quedando la vaina) y las espinas se ennegrecen.[1]
Ceratolobus glaucescens

Los ratanes se diferencian de otras palmas en que tienen tallos finos de 2-5 cm de diámetro con largos internudos entre hojas; sus hábitos de crecimiento son diferentes. No son árboles, sino tipo planta leñosa apoyante, que se sujeta sobre otra vegetación para ganar altura. Son superficialmente similares al bambú, pero distintos en que los tallos ("malacca") son sólidos, en lugar de huecos, y en su necesidad de algún tipo de soporte, mientras que el bambú puede crecer y ascender en altura autónomamente. Algunos géneros (como Metroxylon, Pigafetta o Raphia) son sin embargo, más parecidos a típicas palmas, con fuertes y erectos troncos. Muchos son espinosos, las espinas actúan como anclas para ayudar a trepar sobre otras plantas, y para detener a herbívoros. Hay ratanes que superan los cien metros de largo. Más del 70% de las poblaciones de ratán mundial crecen en Indonesia, distribuidas entre las islas de Borneo, Célebes, Sumbawa. El resto viene de Filipinas, Sri Lanka, Malasia, Bangladés.

En los bosques donde crece el ratán, su valor económico puede ayudar a proteger tierras forestales, por dar una alternativa a los madereros a no tumbar árboles sino a cosechar ratán. El ratán es mucho más fácil de cosechar, pues requiere herramientas más simples y es más fácil de transportar. Además, comparado con la mayoría de las maderas tropicales, el ratán crece muy deprisa.

Importancia económica

Sillón de ratán.

El sepak raga (malayo) es un juego del sudeste de Asia que se juega con una pelota flexible fabricada con ratán cortado en tiras (split rattan).[1]

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Generalmente, el ratán en bruto es procesado en varios productos para ser utilizado como materiales en la fabricación de muebles. Las diversas especies de rangos del ratán van desde varios milímetros hasta 5-7 cm de diámetro. A partir de las hebras de la "piel o corteza" del ratán, suele estar pelado, para que se utilice como material de tejido del mismo. El "núcleo" restante del ratán se puede utilizar para diversos fines en la fabricación de muebles. La rota es otro de los materiales derivados, que es muy bueno sobre todo porque es ligero, resistente y flexible a un cierto punto.

También es ampliamente utilizados para la fabricación de muebles y cestas. Cortadas en secciones, el ratán se puede utilizar como madera para hacer muebles. Este material es tolerable en pinturas y tintes como la madera, por lo que está disponible en muchos colores; y se puede trabajar en muchos estilos. Por otra parte, el núcleo interno se puede separar y trabajar en mimbre. Esto hace que sea una herramienta potencial de mantenimiento de los bosques, ya que proporciona un cultivo rentable que se depende más, reemplazando la tala de los árboles. Tanto si se puede ser rentable o útil como para otras alternativas, pero sin embargo, aún está por verse.

Debido a su durabilidad y resistencia al astillamiento, las secciones de ratán se pueden utilizar como palos o bastones para artes marciales, los palos de ratán que van de 70 cm de largo se utilizan en torneos de Artes marciales en Filipinas. El Rattan también es utilizable para las construcciones de armas de combate marcial en la Sociedad para el anacronismo creativo.

Junto con el abedul y el bambú, el ratán es un material común usado para las asas en los mazos de percusión, especialmente mazos para percusión del teclado (vibráfono, xilófono, marimba, etc.).

El fruto del ratán exuda una resina roja llamada "sangre del Dragón". En la antigüedad griegos, romanos y árabes la utilizaban por sus propiedades medicinales. También se utilizó como tinte para violines.[7]​.

Castigo con varas

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Las varas de ratán son una elección común para infligir dolor, en castigos disciplinarios, legales, tales en culturas con flagelación, una forma de castigo físico aún popular en países como Malasia, Vietnam, Singapur, Brunéi. También es usado para tortura o por placer, como en contextos sexuales de BDSM. Fue un látigo de ratán el usado con el prisionero Michael P. Fay en 1994.

Los golpes con látigos de ratán son particularmente dolorosos, debido a que frecuentemente cortan dentro del periostio de los huesos de la columna vertebral, dejando usualmente a las víctimas con severos dolores en sus espaldas, con limitada movilidad por el resto de sus vidas.[8]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. a b c d e f Rattan Glossary. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5232E/y5232e04.htm#P31_5904
  2. Rattan en español como "rotén". http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x9923s/x9923s00.htm
  3. Rattan traducido al español como ratán, rota o roten. wordreference: http://www.wordreference.com/es/translation.asp?tranword=rattan
  4. a b c d e f g h Terry C.H. Sunderland and John Dransfield. Species Profiles. Ratans. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y2783e/y2783e05.htm
  5. a b c Stephen F. Siebert. HARVESTING WILD RATTAN: OPPORTUNITIES, CONSTRAINTS AND MONITORING METHODS. Accedido 20-05-2016 http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y2783e/y2783e18.htm
  6. Rattan Glossary. Appendix III. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5232E/y5232e07.htm#P5059_100907 En: RATTAN glossary and Compendium glossary with emphasis on Africa. En: NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 16. FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
  7. «La resina normalmente se traduce en una madera con un tono melocotón claro.». Archivado desde el original el 6 de julio de 2006. Consultado el 16 de julio de 2007. 
  8. «On the Near Hanging of a Medical Marijuana User, by Lester Grinspoon MD». Archivado desde el original el 22 de julio de 2007. Consultado el 16 de julio de 2007. 

Enlaces externos

  • El ratán (rotén) suplemento especial en la revista Unasylva de la FAO, versión en español: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x9923s/x9923s00.htm
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