Avicennia

Avicennia
Avicennia germinans
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam:
Tumbuhan
(tanpa pangkat):
Angiosperm
(tanpa pangkat):
Eudikot
(tanpa pangkat):
Asterids
Order:
Lamiales
Keluarga:
Acanthaceae
Subkeluarga:
Avicennioideae
Genus:
Avicennia

L.[1]
Spesies

Lihat teks

Sinonim

Sceura Forssk.[1]

Avicennia atau disebut api-api ialah genus daripada tumbuhan berbunga kini diletakkan di dalam keluarga bear's breech, Acanthaceae. Ia merangkumi pokok bakau, yang terdapat dalam zon pasang surut daripada kawasan muara dan bercirikan dengan akar udara. Ini telah dikenali umum sebagai api-api, merujuk kepada fakta bahawa kelip-kelip sering berkumpul pada pokok ini.[2] Spesies Avicennia terdapat di seluruh dunia selatan Garisan Sartan.

Penempatan taksonomi Avicennia dipertikaikan. Dalam beberapa klasifikasi, ia telah diletakkan dalam keluarga Verbenaceae, tetapi baru-baru ini, ia telah diletakkan oleh beberapa ahli botani dalam keluarga monogenerik Avicenniaceae. Baru-baru ini, kajian filogenetik telah mencadangkan bahawa Avicennia berasal dari Acanthaceae, dan genus ini boleh dimasukkan ke dalam keluarga dalam sistem Kumpulan Filogeni Angiosperma.

Penetapan spesies sukar dilakukan akibat variasi dalam bentuk Avicennia marina. Lapan hingga sepuluh spesies biasanya diiktiraf, dengan Avicennia marina dibahagikan kepada beberapa subspesies.

Nama generik diambil sebagai penghormatan pada pakar perubatan Parsi Ibnu Sina (980-1037).[3]

Gambaran

Ahli kumpulan genus ini adalah antara yang pokok bakau air masin paling tahan garam dan sering kali merupakan yang pertama untuk menjajah deposit sedimen baru. Terasnya masin dan garam yang berlebihan dirembeskan melalui daun. Penyebaran sistem akar menyediakan kestabilan pada proses pemindahan substrat. Terdapat akar menegak dipanggil pneumatophores mengunjurkan keluar dari lumpur. Ini digunakan dalam pertukaran gas kerana terdapat sangat sedikit kandungan oksigen yang terdapat di dalam lumpur. Ia mempunyai bunga yang wangi dan kaya dengan madu dan didebungakan oleh serangga. Embrio mempamerkan cryptovivipary, proses di mana mereka mula membesar sebelum benih tanggal tetapi tidak menembusi bahagian luar kapsul buah.[4]

Senarai spesies

Propagule of Avicennia sp.
  • Avicennia africana P.Beauv.[5] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia alba Blume[6] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
  • Avicennia alba var. latifolia Moldenke[7] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
  • Avicennia balanophora Stapf & Moldenke[8]
  • Avicennia bicolor Standl.[9]
  • Avicennia elliptica Thunb. [10] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia elliptica var. martii Moldenke[11] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia eucalyptifolia (Valeton) Zipp. ex Moldenke[12] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett
  • Avicennia floridana Gand.[13] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia floridana Raf.[14] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia germinans (L.) L.[15]
  • Avicennia germinans f. aberrans Moldenke [16] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia germinans f. brasiliensis Moldenke [17] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia germinans var. cumanensis (Kunth) Moldenke [18] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia germinans var. germinans [19] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia germinans var. guayaquilensis (Kunth) Moldenke[20] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia germinans f. venezuelensis Moldenke[21] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia integra N.C.Duke [22]
  • Avicennia intermedia Griff. [23] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
  • Avicennia lamarckiana C.Presl[24] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia lanata Ridl.[25] synonym of Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh.
  • Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.[26]
  • Avicennia marina var. alba (Blume) Bakh.[27] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
  • Avicennia marina f. angustata Moldenke[28] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
  • Avicennia marina var. anomala Moldenke[29] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
  • Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett[30]
  • Avicennia marina var. australasica (Walp.) Moldenke[31] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett
  • Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett[32]
  • Avicennia marina var. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) N.C.Duke[33] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett
  • Avicennia marina var. intermedia (Griff.) Bakh.[34] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
  • Avicennia marina f. intermedia (Griff.) Moldenke[35] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
  • Avicennia marina subsp. marina[36] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
  • Avicennia marina var. marina[37] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
  • Avicennia marina var. resinifera (G.Forst.) Bakh.[38] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett
  • Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh.[39]
  • Avicennia meyeri Miq.[40] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia mindanaense Elmer[41] (Unresolved)
  • Avicennia mindanaensis Elmer[42] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
  • Avicennia nitida Sessé & Moc. [43] Avicennia germinans (L.) L. [Illegitimate]
  • Avicennia nitida Jacq.[44] Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia nitida var. trinitensis Moldenke[45] Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia oblongifolia Nutt. ex Chapm.[46] Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia obovata Griff.[47] synonym of Avicennia officinalis L.
  • Avicennia oepata Buch.-Ham.[48] Avicennia officinalis L.
  • Avicennia officinalis L.[49]
  • Avicennia officinalis var. acuminata Domin[50] Avicennia officinalis L.
  • Avicennia officinalis var. alba (Blume) C.B.Clarke[51] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
  • Avicennia officinalis var. eucalyptifolia Valeton[52] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett
  • Avicennia officinalis f. flaviflora Kuntze[53] synonym of Avicennia officinalis L.
  • Avicennia officinalis var. lanceolata Kuntze[54] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia officinalis var. nitida Kuntze[55] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia officinalis f. tomentosa Kuntze[56] synonym of Avicennia officinalis L.
  • Avicennia resinifera G.Forst.[57] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett
  • Avicennia rumphiana Hallier f.[58] synonym of Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh.
  • Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke[59]
  • Avicennia schaueriana f. candicans Moldenke[60] synonym of Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke
  • Avicennia schaueriana f. glabrescens Moldenke[61] synonym of Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke
  • Avicennia sphaerocarpa Stapf ex Ridl.[62] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
  • Avicennia spicata Kuntze[63] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
  • Avicennia tomentosa Jacq.[64] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia tomentosa Schauer[65] synonym of Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke [Illegitimate]
  • Avicennia tomentosa var. arabica Walp.[66] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
  • Avicennia tomentosa var. australasica Walp.[67] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett
  • Avicennia tomentosa var. campechensis Jacq.[68] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia tomentosa var. cumanensis Kunth[69] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia tomentosa var. guayaquilensis Kunth[70] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
  • Avicennia tonduzii Moldenke[71]

Lihat juga

Rujukan

  1. ^ a b "Genus: Avicennia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-03-30. Dicapai pada 2010-05-26.
  2. ^ Api-api Putih (Avicennia alba) The Tide Chaser. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
  3. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. 1. CRC Press. m/s. 242. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
  4. ^ Api Api Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Nature Park. Retrieved 2012-02-08,
  5. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18434
  6. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18435
  7. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-330220
  8. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18436
  9. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18437
  10. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18438
  11. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18439
  12. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18440
  13. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18441
  14. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18442
  15. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18443
  16. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18444
  17. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18445
  18. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18446
  19. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-33701107
  20. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18447
  21. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18448
  22. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18449
  23. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18450
  24. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18451
  25. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18453
  26. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18454
  27. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18455
  28. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18456
  29. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-330221
  30. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18457
  31. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-451858
  32. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18458
  33. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18459
  34. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18460
  35. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18461
  36. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18462
  37. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-33702837
  38. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18463
  39. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18464
  40. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18465
  41. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-33702836
  42. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18466
  43. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18467
  44. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18468
  45. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18469
  46. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18470
  47. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18471
  48. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18472
  49. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18473
  50. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-330222
  51. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-330223
  52. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18474
  53. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-455925
  54. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18475
  55. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18476
  56. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-455926
  57. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18477
  58. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18478
  59. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18479
  60. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18480
  61. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18481
  62. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18482
  63. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18483
  64. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18484
  65. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18485
  66. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-274427
  67. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18486
  68. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18487
  69. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18488
  70. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18489
  71. ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18490

Bacaan lanjut

  • Boland, D. J. (1984). Forest Trees of Australia (Fourth edition revised and enlarged). CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia. ISBN 0-643-05423-5..
  • Duke, N.C. (1991). "A Systematic Revision of the Mangrove Genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Australasia". Australian Systematic Botany. 4 (2): 299–324. doi:10.1071/SB9910299.
  • Schwarzbach, Andrea E. and McDade, Lucinda A. 2002. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Mangrove Family Avicenniaceae Based on Chloroplast and Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Sequences. Systematic Botany 27: 84-98 (abstract here).

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