Perancangan bandar

Perancangan bandar (perancangan pekan, bandar, dan perbandaran) adalah proses politik dan teknikal berkaitan dengan kawalan penggunaan tanah dan reka bentuk persekitaran bandar, termasuk jaringan pengangkutan, bagi memandu dan memastikan pembangunan terancang petempatan dan masyarakat. Ia berkait dengan penyelidikan dan analisa, pemikiran strategik, seni bina, reka bentuk bandar, perbincangan dengan awam, cadangan polisi, perlaksanaan dan pentadbiran.^[1]

Perancangan boleh dalam pelbagai bentuk termasuk rancangan strategik, pelan menyeluruh, pelan kejiranan, strategi peraturan dan insentif, atau rancangan pengekalan sejarah. Perancang sering juga bertanggung jawab bagi melaksanakan polisi yang dipilih.

Asal perancangan bandar moden terletak pada pergerakan perubahan bandar yang muncul sebagai tindak balas kepada keadaan tidak teratur pada bandar industri pada pertengahan kurun ke-19. Perancangan bandar turut merangkumi pembaharuan bandar, dengan menyesuaikan kaedah perancangan bandar pada bandar sedia ada yang mengalami kemerosotan. Pada akhir kurun ke-20, istilah pembangunan mampan telah menjadi lambang hasil sempurna bagi keseluruhan matlamat perancangan.^[2]

Sejarah

Semasa tempoh Neolithik, pertanian dan teknik lain menyumbang pada bilangan penduduk lebih besar berbanding masyarakat amat kecil pada tempoh Paleolitik, yang kemungkinannya mendorong pada kerajaan lebih kuat, lebih paksaan muncul pada masa itu. Tempoh Pre-Klasik dan Klasik melihat sejumlah bandar diatur menururt rancangan yang telah ditetapkan, sungguhpun banyak yang cenderung berkembang secara organik. Bandar dirancang merupakan ciri-ciri di kebudayaan Mesopotamia, Harrapan, dan Mesir Purba pada mil milenium ketiga BC (lihat Perancangan bandar di Mesir purba). Gambaran perancangan bandar yang pertama direkodkan digambarkan dalam Epik Gilgamesh bagi bandar Uruk (insert ref).

Ciri-ciri berbeza bagi pembangunan bandar dari peninggalan bandar Harappa, Lothal, dan Mohenjo-daro dalam Kebudayaan Lembah Indus (di masa kini barat daya India dan Pakistan) mendorong para kaji purba bagi merumuskan bahawa mereka merupakan contoh terawal bagi bandar yang sengaja dirancang dan diuruskan.^[3]^[4] Jalan bagi kebanyakan bandar awal ini diturap dan diatur pada sudut tepat berpetak dalam pola bergrid, dengan kedudukan hierarkijalan dari jalan utama sehingga lorong kediaman.

Bukti cari gali mencadangkan bahawa kebanyakan rumah Harrapan diatur bagi melindungi dari bandar dan meningkatkan lagi privasi kediaman; banyak diantaranya turut memiliki telaga air, kemungkinanan bagi kedua-dua tujuan iaitu kebersihan dan upacara. Bandar kuno ini adalah unik kerana ia sering memiliki sistem penyaliran, kelihatannya terikat dengan kebersihan bandar sempurna yang dibangunkan dengan baik.^[3]

Nota

^ Taylor, Nigel (2007). Urban Planning Theory since 1945, London, Sage.
^ Wheeler, Stephen (2004). "Planning Sustainable and Livable Cities", Routledge; Edisi ke-3.
^ ^a ^b Davreu, Robert (1978). "Cities of Mystery: The Lost Empire of the Indus Valley". The World’s Last Mysteries. (second edition). Sydney: Readers’ Digest. pp. 121-129. ISBN 0-909486-61-1.
^ Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology. (Illustrated edition). New York: Springer. p. 229. ISBN 306461587.

Rujukan

Allmendinger, Phil and Michael Gunder, 2005, "Applying Lacanian Insight and a Dash of Derridean Deconstruction to Planning's 'Dark Side'," Planning Theory, vol. 4, pp. 87–112.
Atmospheric Environment Volume 35, Issue 10, April 2001, Pages 1717-1727. "Traffic pollution in a downtown site of Buenos Aires City"
Garvin, Alexander (2002). The American City: What Works and What Doesn't. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-137367-5. (A standard text for many college and graduate courses in city planning in America)
Gunder, Michael, 2003, "Passionate Planning for the Others' Desire: An Agonistic Response to the Dark Side of Planning," Progress in Planning, Vol. 60, no. 3, October, pp. 235–319.
Hoch, Charles, Linda C. Dalton and Frank S. So, editors (2000). The Practice of Local Government Planning, Intl City County Management Assn; 3rd edition. ISBN 0-87326-171-2 (The "Green Book")
Oke, T. R. (1982). "The energetic basis of the urban heat island". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 108: 1–24.
Pløger, John, 2001, "Public Participation and the Art of Governance," Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 219–241.
Roy, Ananya, 2008, "Post-Liberalism: On the Ethico-Politics of Planning," Planning Theory, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 92–102.
Santamouris, Matheos (2006). Environmental Design of Urban Buildings: An Integrated Approach.
Tang, Wing-Shing, 2000, "Chinese Urban Planning at Fifty: An Assessment of the Planning Theory Literature," Journal of Planning Literature, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 347–366.
Tunnard, Christopher and Boris Pushkarev (1963). Man-Made America: Chaos or Control?: An Inquiry into Selected Problems of Design in the Urbanized Landscape, New Haven: Yale University Press. (This book won the National Book Award, strictly America; a time capsule of photography and design approach.)
Wheeler, Stephen (2004). "Planning Sustainable and Livable Cities", Routledge; 3rd edition.
Yiftachel, Oren, 1995, "The Dark Side of Modernism: Planning as Control of an Ethnic Minority," in Sophie Watson and Katherine Gibson, eds., Postmodern Cities and Spaces (Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell), pp. 216–240.
Yiftachel, Oren, 1998, "Planning and Social Control: Exploring the Dark Side," Journal of Planning Literature, vol. 12, no. 4, May, pp. 395–406.
Yiftachel, Oren, 2006, "Re-engaging Planning Theory? Towards South-Eastern Perspectives," Planning Theory, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 211–222.

Bacaan lanjut

Urban Planning, 1794-1918: An International Anthology of Articles, Conference Papers, and Reports, Selected, Edited, and Provided with Headnotes by John W. Reps, Professor Emeritus, Cornell University.
City Planning According to Artistic Principles, Camillo Sitte, 1889
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, Ebenezer Howard, 1898
The Improvement of Towns and Cities, Charles Mulford Robinson, 1901
Town Planning in practice, Raymond Unwin, 1909
The Principles of Scientific Management, Frederick Winslow Taylor, 1911
Cities in Evolution, Patrick Geddes, 1915
The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch, 1960
The Concise Townscape, Gordon Cullen, 1961
The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs, 1961
The City in History, Lewis Mumford, 1961
The City is the Frontier, Charles Abrams, Harper & Row Publishing, New York, 1965.
A Pattern Language, Christopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa and Murray Silverstein, 1977
What Do Planners Do?: Power, Politics, and Persuasion, Charles Hoch Diarkibkan 2015-05-25 di Wayback Machine, American Planning Association, 1994. ISBN 978-0-918286-91-8
Planning the Twentieth-Century American City, Christopher Silver and Mary Corbin Sies (Eds.), Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996
"The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History", Spiro Kostof, 2nd Edition, Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1999 ISBN 978-0-500-28099-7
The American City: A Social and Cultural History, Daniel J. Monti, Jr., Oxford, England and Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. 391 pp. ISBN 978-1-55786-918-0.
Urban Development: The Logic Of Making Plans Diarkibkan 2008-12-26 di Wayback Machine, Lewis D. Hopkins Diarkibkan 2014-06-15 di Wayback Machine, Island Press, 2001. ISBN 1-55963-853-2
Readings in Planning Theory, Susan Fainstein and Scott Campbell, Oxford, England and Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 2003.
Taylor, Nigel, (2007), Urban Planning Theory since 1945, London, Sage.