Cultura polonesa durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial

A cultura polonesa durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial foi suprimida pelas potências ocupantes da Alemanha Nazista e a União Soviética, ambas hostis ao povo e à cultura da Polônia.[1][2] Políticas voltadas para o genocídio cultural resultaram na morte de milhares de acadêmicos e artistas, e no roubo e destruição de inúmeros artefatos culturais.[3] Os "maus-tratos aos poloneses foram uma das muitas maneiras pelas quais os regimes nazista e soviético cresceram para se parecerem", escreveu o historiador britânico Niall Ferguson.[4]

Os ocupantes saquearam e destruíram grande parte do patrimônio histórico e cultural da Polônia, enquanto perseguiam e assassinavam membros da elite cultural polonesa. A maioria das escolas polonesas foram fechadas e as que permaneceram abertas viram seus currículos alterados significativamente.

No entanto, organizações clandestinas e indivíduos — em particular o Estado subterrâneo polonês — salvaram muitos dos tesouros culturais mais valiosos da Polônia e trabalharam para salvar o máximo possível de instituições e artefatos culturais. A Igreja Católica e indivíduos ricos contribuíram para a sobrevivência de alguns artistas e suas obras. Apesar da severa retribuição dos nazistas e soviéticos, as atividades culturais underground polonesas, incluindo publicações, concertos, teatro ao vivo, educação e pesquisa acadêmica, continuaram durante a guerra.

Notas

  • Este artigo foi inicialmente traduzido, total ou parcialmente, do artigo da Wikipédia em inglês cujo título é «Polish culture during World War II».

Referências

  1. ↑ Olsak-Glass, Judith (janeiro de 1999). «Review of Piotrowski's Poland's Holocaust». Sarmatian Review. Consultado em 24 de janeiro de 2008. The prisons, ghettos, internment, transit, labor and extermination camps, roundups, mass deportations, public executions, mobile killing units, death marches, deprivation, hunger, disease, and exposure all testify to the 'inhuman policies of both Hitler and Stalin' and 'were clearly aimed at the total extermination of Polish citizens, both Jews and Christians. Both regimes endorsed a systematic program of genocide.' 
  2. ↑ Wróbel, Piotr (2000). The devil's playground : Poland in World War II. Montreal, Quebec: Canadian Foundation for Polish Studies of the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences. ISBN 0-9692784-1-1. OCLC 44068966 
  3. ↑ Schabas 2000.
  4. ↑ Ferguson 2006, p. 423.
Bibliografia
  • Anders, Władysław (1995), Bez ostatniego rozdziału, ISBN 83-7038-168-5 (em polaco), Lublin: Test 
  • Conway, John S. (1997), The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933–1945, ISBN 1-57383-080-1, Regent College Publishing 
  • Cornis-Pope, Marcel; Neubauer, John (2004), History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe, ISBN 90-272-3452-3, John Benjamins Publishing Company 
  • Davies, Norman (1996), Europe: A History, ISBN 0-19-820171-0, Oxford University Press 
  • Davies, Norman (2005), God's Playground: A History of Poland (vol. 2), ISBN 0-231-12819-3 (em polaco), Columbia University Press 
  • Drozdowski, Marian Marek; Zahorski, Andrzej (2004). Historia Warszawy (em polaco). Warszawa: Wydaw. Jeden Świat. ISBN 83-89632-04-7. OCLC 69583611 
  • Ferguson, Niall (2006), The War of the World, New York: Penguin Press 
  • Gehler, Michael; Kaiser, Wolfram (2004), Christian democracy in Europe since 1945, ISBN 0-7146-8567-4, Routledge 
  • Gilbert, Shirli (2005), Music in the Holocaust: Confronting Life in the Nazi Ghettos and Camps, ISBN 0-19-927797-4, Oxford University Press 
  • Haltof, Marek (2002), Polish National Cinema, ISBN 1-57181-276-8, Berghahn Books 
  • Hempel, Andrew (2003), Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History, ISBN 0-7818-1004-3, Hippocrene Books 
  • Herling-Grudziński, Gustav (1996), A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp during World War II, ISBN 0-14-025184-7, Penguin Books 
  • Hubka, Thomas C. (2003), Resplendent Synagogue: Architecture and Worship in an Eighteenth-century Polish Community, ISBN 1-58465-216-0, UPNE 
  • Kisling, Vernon N. (2001), Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens, ISBN 0-8493-2100-X, CRC Press 
  • Klimaszewski, Bolesław (1984), An Outline History of Polish Culture, ISBN 83-223-2036-1, Interpress 
  • Knuth, Rebecca; English, John (2003). Libricide: The Regime-sponsored Destruction of Books and Libraries in the Twentieth Century. [S.l.]: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 86–89. ISBN 978-0-275-98088-7 
  • Korboński, Stefan (1975), Polskie państwo podziemne: przewodnik po Podziemiu z lat 1939-1945 (em polaco), Bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo Nasza Przyszłość 
  • Kremer, S. Lillian (2003), Holocaust literature: an encyclopedia of writers and their work, ISBN 0-415-92984-9, Taylor & Francis 
  • Lerski, Jerzy Jan; Lerski, George J.; Lerski, Halina T. (1996). Wróbel, Piotr; Kozicki, Richard J., eds. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. [S.l.]: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0 
  • Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (2006), A Concise History of Poland, ISBN 0-521-61857-6 2nd ed. , Cambridge University Press 
  • Madajczyk, Czesław (1970), Polityka III Rzeszy w okupowanej Polsce, Tom II (Politics of the Third Reich in Occupied Poland, Part Two) (em polaco), Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 
  • Murdoch, Brian (1990), Fighting Songs and Warring Words: Popular Lyrics of Two World Wars, Routledge 
  • Nawrocka-Dońska, Barbara (1961), Powszedni dzień dramatu (An average day in the drama) (em polaco) 1 ed. , Warsaw: Czytelnik 
  • Phayer, Michael (2001), The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965, ISBN 0-253-21471-8, Indiana University Press 
  • Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1997), «Polish Collaboration», Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3, McFarland & Company 
  • Raack, Richard (1995), Stalin's Drive to the West, 1938–1945, ISBN 0-8047-2415-6, Stanford University Press 
  • Salmonowicz, Stanisław (1994), Polskie Państwo Podziemne (Polish Underground State), ISBN 83-02-05500-X (em polaco), Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne 
  • Schabas, William (2000), Genocide in international law: the crimes of crimes, ISBN 0-521-78790-4, Cambridge University Press 
  • Sterling, Eric; Roth, John K. (2005), Life in the Ghettos During the Holocaust, ISBN 0-8156-0803-9, Syracuse University Press 
  • Szarota, Tomasz (1988), Okupowanej Warszawy dzień powszedni, ISBN 83-07-01224-4 (em polaco), Czytelnik, p. 323 
  • Trela-Mazur, Elżbieta (1997), Bonusiak, Włodzimierz; Ciesielski, Stanisław Jan; Mańkowski, Zygmunt; Iwanow, Mikołaj, eds., «Sowietyzacja oświaty w Małopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecką okupacją 1939–1941», ISBN 8371331002, Kielce: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego, Sovietization of education in eastern Lesser Poland during the Soviet occupation 1939–1941 (em polaco) 

Leitura adicional

  • Krauski, Josef (1992), «Education as Resistance: The Polish Experience of Schooling During the War», in: Roy Lowe, Education and the Second World War: Studies in Schooling and Social Change, ISBN 0-7507-0054-8, Falmer Press 
  • Mężyńskia, Andrzej; Paszkiewicz, Urszula; Bieńkowska, Barbara (1994), Straty bibliotek w czasie II wojny światowej w granicach Polski z 1945 roku. Wstępny raport o stanie wiedzy (Losses of Libraries During World War II within the Polish Borders of 1945. An Introductory Report on the State of Knowledge), ISBN 83-902167-0-1 (em polaco), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Reklama 
  • Ordęga, Adam; Terlecki, Tymon (1945), Straty kultury polskiej, 1939–1944 (Losses of Polish Culture, 1939–1944) (em polaco), Glasgow: Książnica Polska 
  • Pruszynski, Jan P.h (1997), «Poland: The War Losses, Cultural Heritage, and Cultural Legitimacy», in: Simpson, Elizabeth, The Spoils of War: World War II and Its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property, ISBN 0-8109-4469-3, New York: Harry N. Abrams 
  • Symonowicz, Antoni (1960), «Nazi Campaign against Polish Culture», in: Nurowski, Roman, 1939–1945 War Losses in Poland, Poznan: Wydaw- nictwo Zachodnie, OCLC 47236461 
  • Portal da Polónia
  • Portal da Segunda Guerra Mundial